اللغة الصربو-كرواتية

الصربو-كرواتية
  • srpskohrvatski / hrvatskosrpski
  • српскохрватски / хрватскосрпски
موطنهاSerbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo[أ]
العرقBosniaks
Croats
Montenegrins
Serbs
الناطقون الأصليون
21 million (2011)[1]
الصيغ الفصحى
اللهجات
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في
لغة أقلية
معترف بها في
ينظمها
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3hbs – inclusive code
Individual codes:
bos – Bosnian
cnr – Montenegrin
hrv – Croatian
srp – Serbian
svm – Slavomolisano
Glottologsout1528
Linguasphere53-AAA-g
Serbo croatian language2005.png
  Areas where Serbo-Croatian is spoken by a plurality of inhabitants (as of 2005)[needs update]

Note: a Kosovo independence disputed, see 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

Serbo-Croatian ( /ˌsɜːrbkrˈʃən/)[8][9] – also called Serbo-Croat ( /ˌsɜːrbˈkræt/),[8][9] Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB),[10] Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS),[11] and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS)[12] – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. It is a pluricentric language with four[13] mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin.[14][15]

South Slavic languages historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread dialect in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic" in general or "Serbian", "Croatian" or "Bosnian" in particular. In a classicizing manner, it was also referred to as "Illyrian".

The process of linguistic standardization of Serbo-Croatian was originally initiated in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established.[16] From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same dialect of Shtokavian, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"),[17] and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated along ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard.

Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.

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انظر أيضاً


ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between Serbia and the local Albanian majority. The Assembly of Kosovo declared its independence on 17 February 2008, a move that is recognised and the Republic of China (Taiwan), but not by Serbia, which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.

المراجع

الهامش

  1. ^ "The Slavic Languages" (PDF). Cambridge Language Surveys. p. 7. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  2. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
  3. ^ http://www.brg-lienz.tsn.at/events/.../minorities/.../austrian%20minorities%20legislation.doc[dead link]
  4. ^ "Legge Regionale n.15 del 14 maggio 1997 - Tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze linguistiche nel Molise - Bollettino Ufficiale n. 10 del 16.5.1997" (PDF). Sardegna Cultura. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
  5. ^ "B92.net". B92.net. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  6. ^ "Minority Rights Group International : Czech Republic : Czech Republic Overview". Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  7. ^ "Minority Rights Group International : Macedonia : Macedonia Overview". Minorityrights.org. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  8. ^ أ ب Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0 
  9. ^ أ ب Jones, Daniel (2003), Peter Roach, ed., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8 
  10. ^ Čamdžić, Amela; Hudson, Richard (2007). "Serbo-Croat-Bosnian clitics and Word Grammar" (PDF). Research in Language. UCL Psychology and Language Sciences. doi:10.2478/v10015-007-0001-7. hdl:11089/9540. S2CID 54645947. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  11. ^ Alexander 2006, p. XVII.
  12. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ThomasOsipov
  13. ^ Mørk, Henning (2002). Serbokroatisk grammatik: substantivets morfologi [Serbo-Croatian Grammar: Noun Morphology]. Arbejdspapirer ; vol. 1 (in الدانمركية). Århus: Slavisk Institut, Århus Universitet. p. unpaginated (Preface). OCLC 471591123.
  14. ^ Šipka, Danko (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 206, 166. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. S2CID 150383965. Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin
  15. ^ "Is Serbo-Croatian a language?". The Economist. 10 April 2017.
  16. ^ Blum 2002, pp. 130–132.
  17. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Busch2004

المصادر


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للاستزادة

  • Banac, Ivo: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question. Yale University Press, 1984.
  • Bunčić, D., 2016. Serbo-Croatian/Serbian: Cyrillic and Latin. Biscriptality: A Sociolinguistic Typology, pp. 231–246.
  • Franolić, Branko: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian. Nouvelles éditions Latines, Paris, 1984.
  • Franolić, B., 1983. The development of literary Croatian and Serbian. Buske Verlag.
  • Franolić, Branko (1988). Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian. Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines.
  • Franolić, Branko; Žagar, Mateo (2008). A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture. London & Zagreb: Erasmus & CSYPN. ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5.
  • Greenberg, Robert D. (1999). "In the Aftermath of Yugoslavia's Collapse: The Politics of Language Death and Language Birth". International Politics. 36 (2): 141–158.
  • Greenberg, Robert D. (2013). "Language, Religion, and Nationalism: The Case of the Former Serbo-Croatian". Typen slavischer Standardsprachen: Theoretische, methodische und empirische Zugaenge. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 217–231. ISBN 9783447100281.
  • Ivić, Pavle: Die serbokroatischen Dialekte. the Hague, 1958.
  • Jakobsen, Per (2008). "O strukturalno-lingvističkim konstantama srpskohrvatskog jezika (inventar fonema i fonotaktička struktura)" [Serbocroatian structural-linguistic constants (inventory of phonemes and phonotactic structure)]. In Ostojić, Branislav (ed.). Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija (in صربية-كرواتية). Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. pp. 25–34. ISBN 978-86-7215-207-4. (COBISS-CG) Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian]. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (in الألمانية). 36 (2): 178–186. ISSN 0044-2356. قالب:ZDB.
  • Magner, Thomas F.: Zagreb Kajkavian dialect. Pennsylvania State University, 1966.
  • Magner, Thomas F. (1991). Introduction to the Croatian and Serbian Language (Revised ed.). Pennsylvania State University.
  • Merk, Hening (2008). "Neka pragmatična zapažanja o postojanju srpskohrvatskog jezika". In Ostojić, Branislav (ed.). Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija (in صربية-كرواتية). Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. pp. 295–299. ISBN 978-86-7215-207-4. (COBISS-CG) Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Murray Despalatović, Elinor: Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement. Columbia University Press, 1975.
  • Spalatin, C., 1966. Serbo-Croatian or Serbian and Croatian?: Considerations on the Croatian Declaration and Serbian Proposal of March 1967. Journal of Croatian Studies, 7, pp. 3–13.
  • Zekovic, Sreten & Cimeša, Boro: Elementa montenegrina, Chrestomatia 1/90. CIP, Zagreb 1991.

وصلات خارجية

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