اللغات السلاڤية الجنوبية

South Slavic
Geographic distribution	Southeast Europe
Linguistic classification	الهندو-اوروپية Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic
Subdivisions	Eastern South Slavic Western South Slavic
ISO 639-5	zls
Glottolog	sout3147
Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language

The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages. There are approximately 30 million speakers, mainly in the Balkans. These are separated geographically from speakers of the other two Slavic branches (West and East) by a belt of German, Hungarian and Romanian speakers. The first South Slavic language to be written (also the first attested Slavic language) was the variety spoken in Thessaloniki, now called Old Church Slavonic, in the ninth century. It is retained as a liturgical language in some South Slavic Orthodox churches in the form of various local Church Slavonic traditions.

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 Classification

The South Slavic languages constitute a dialect continuum. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin constitute a single dialect within this continuum.

• Eastern
  • Bulgarian – (ISO 639-1 code: bg; ISO 639-2 code: bul; SIL code: bul; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-hb)
  • Macedonian – (ISO 639-1 code: mk; ISO 639-2(B) code: mac; ISO 639-2(T) code: mkd; SIL code: mkd; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-ha)
  • Old Church Slavonic (extinct) – (ISO 639-1 code: cu; ISO 639-2 code: chu; SIL code: chu; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-a)
• Western
  • Slovene (ISO 639-1 code: sl; ISO 639-2 code: slv; ISO 639-3 code: slv; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-f)
  • Kajkavian (ISO 639-3 code: kjv)
  • Chakavian (ISO 639-3 code: ckm)
  • Serbo-Croatian/Shtokavian (ISO 639-1 code: sh; ISO 639-2/3 code: hsb; SIL code: scr; Linguasphere: 53-AAA-g).
    There are four national standard languages based on the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect:
    • Serbian (ISO 639-1 code: sr; ISO 639-2/3 code: srp; SIL code: srp)
    • Croatian (ISO 639-1 code: hr; ISO 639-2/3 code: hrv; SIL code: hrv)
    • Bosnian (ISO 639-1 code: bs; ISO 639-2/3 code: bos; SIL code: bos)
    • Montenegrin (ISO 639-2/3 code: cnr; SIL code: cnr)

 Linguistic prehistory

The Slavic languages are part of the Balto-Slavic group, which belongs to the Indo-European language family. The South Slavic languages have been considered a genetic node in Slavic studies: defined by a set of phonological, morphological and lexical innovations (isoglosses) which separate it from the Western and Eastern Slavic groups. That view, however, has been challenged in recent decades (see below).

Some innovations encompassing all South Slavic languages are shared with the Eastern Slavic group, but not the Western Slavic. These include:

1. Consistent application of Slavic second palatalization before Proto-Slavic *v
2. Loss of *d and *t before Proto-Slavic *l
3. Merger of Proto-Slavic *ś (resulting from the second and third palatalization) with *s

This is illustrated in the following table:

Late Proto-Slavic		South Slavic					West Slavic			East Slavic
reconstruction	meaning	Old Church Slavonic	Slovene	Serbo-Croatian	Bulgarian	Macedonian	Czech	Slovak	Polish	Belarusian	Russian	Ukrainian
*gvězda	star	звѣзда	zvezda	zv(ij)ézda зв(иј)е́зда	звезда	ѕвезда	hvězda	hviezda	gwiazda	звязда	звезда (звѣзда)	звізда
*květъ	flower, bloom	цвѣтъ	cvet	cv(ij)ȇt цв(иј)е̑т	цвете	цвет	květ	kvet	kwiat	кветка	цвет	цвіт, квітка
*ordlo	plough	рало	ralo	rȁlo ра̏ло	рало	рало	rádlo	radlo	radło	рала	орало, рало	рало
*vьśь	all	вьсь	ves	sȁv са̏в	вси	сиот	vše	všetok	wszystkie	весь	весь	весь

 Dialectal classification

Balto-Slavic languages.

• South Slavic languages
  • Eastern
    • Bulgarian dialects
      • Eastern Bulgarian dialects
      • Western Bulgarian dialects
    • Macedonian dialects
      • Northern
      • Western/Northwestern
      • Eastern
      • Southeastern
      • Southwestern
  • Transitional (called Torlakian), including Transitional Bulgarian dialects in western Bulgaria, Prizren-Timok dialect in southeast Serbia and south Kosovo, northern Macedonian dialects
  • Western
    • Shtokavian dialects (Serbo-Croatian)
      • Šumadija–Vojvodina (Ekavian, Neo-Shtokavian): Serbia
      • Smederevo–Vršac (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): east-central Serbia
      • Kosovo–Resava (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian): north Kosovo, eastern central Serbia
      • Zeta–Raška (Ijekavian, Old-Shtokavian), in south and east Montenegro and southwest Serbia
      • Eastern Herzegovinian (Ijekavian, Neo-Shtokavian), Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro
      • East-Bosnian (Ijekavian, Old-Shtokavian), in central and northern Bosnia
      • Slavonian (mixed yat, Old-Shtokavian), in eastern Croatia
      • Younger Ikavian (Ikavian), in Dalmatia, central Bosnia, northern Serbia
      • Prizren–Timok (Ekavian, Old-Shtokavian), in southeast Serbia and south Kosovo
    • Chakavian dialects
      • Buzet subdialect: Croatia
      • Western Chakavian subdialect: Croatia
      • Southwestern Istrian subdialect: Croatia
      • Northern Chakavian subdialect: Croatia
      • Southern Chakavian subdialect: Croatia
      • Lastovo subdialect: Croatia
    • Kajkavian dialects, in Croatia
      • Zagorje–Međimurje subdialect
      • Križevci–Podravina subdialect
      • Turopolje–Posavina subdialect
      • Prigorski subdialect
      • Donja Sutla subdialect
      • Goranski subdialect
    • Slovene dialects
      • Littoral Slovene: Primorsko; west Slovenia and Adriatic
      • Rovte Slovene: Rovtarsko; between Littoral and Carniolan
      • Upper and Lower Carniolan: Gorenjsko and Dolenjsko; central; basis of Standard Slovene
      • Styrian: Štajersko; eastern Slovenia
      • Pannonian or Prekmurje dialect: Panonsko; far eastern Slovenia
        

        Prekmurje dialect Lutheran New Testament in the 18th-century Nouvi Zákon
      • Carinthian: Koroško; far north and northwest Slovenia
      • Resian: Rozajansko; Italy, west of Carinthian
    • Other
      • Burgenland Croatian (mixed), minority in Austria and Hungary

 Eastern group

Areas where Eastern South Slavic dialects are spoken:

  by a majority of speakers

  by a minority.

Map of the big yus (*ǫ) isoglosses in Eastern South Slavic and eastern Torlakian according to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences' atlas from 2001. Pronunciation of man and tooth, derived from proto-words zǫbъ mǫžь on the map:

1. [mɤʃ], [zɤp] (see зъб and ząb)
2. [maʃ], [zap] (see заб)
3. [muʃ], [zup] (see зуб and zub)
4. /mɒʃ/, /zɒp/
5. [mɔʃ], [zɔp] (see zob, mąż)
6. /mæʃ/, /zæp/ (see mężczyzna)
7. [mɤmʃ], [zɤmp]
8. [mamʃ], [zamp]
9. /mɒmʃ/, /zɒmp/ (see ząb)

 Bulgarian dialects

• Eastern Bulgarian dialects
• Western Bulgarian dialects (includes Torlakian dialect)

المقالة الرئيسية: Bulgarian language

انظر أيضاً: Bulgarian dialects and Banat Bulgarian language

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 Macedonian dialects

• Southeastern Macedonian dialects
• Northern Macedonian (including three Torlakian dialects)
• Western Macedonian dialects

المقالة الرئيسية: Macedonian language

انظر أيضاً: Dialects of Macedonian language

 Torlakian dialect in Serbian spoken language

• Southeastern Serbian Torlakian dialects are only spoken and unstandardized, as Serbian literary language only recognizes Shtokavian form (as other Serbo-Croatian languages)

 Transitional South Slavic languages

 Torlakian dialect

المقالة الرئيسية: Torlakian dialect

 المجموعة الغربية

 العلاقات بين التنويعات

The table below illustrates relationships among the varieties of the western group of South Slavic languages:

 اللهجات الشتوكاڤية

المقالة الرئيسية: الشتوكاڤية

 اللهجات السلوڤينية

المقالة الرئيسية: اللهجات السلوڤينية

 مقارنة

The table below compares grammatical and phonological innovations. The similarity of Kajkavian and Slovenian is apparent.

Western South Slavic isoglosses

	Slovene	Kajkavian	Chakavian	Shtokavian
Acute > neoacute nonfinally	Most dialects
Loss of Proto-Slavic tone	Some dialects			Neoshtokavian
u- > vu-	Some dialects	Yes
ǫ > o	Yes	Yes
-ojo > -o in instrumental singular	Yes	Yes
ć > č	Most dialects	Yes
Neocircumflex	Yes	Yes
Loss of vocative	Yes	Yes	Some dialects
Final devoicing	Most dialects	Yes	Yes
đ > j	Yes	Yes	Yes
žV > rV	Yes	Yes	Yes	Western
Final -m > -n	Some dialects		Yes
ľ, ň > l, n	Most dialects		Yes
jd, jt > đ, ć			Yes	Yes
ř > r			Yes	Yes
ə > a			Yes	Yes
čr > cr				Yes
Dat/loc/ins plural -ma/-u (from dual)				Yes

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 انظر أيضاً

• Abstand and ausbau languages
• Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
• Language secessionism in Serbo-Croatian
• Mutual intelligibility
• Pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
• South Slavic dialect continuum
• Standard language
• Yat

 المصادر

• Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. قالب:CROSBI. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Matasović, Ranko (2008) (in Serbo-Croatian), Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika, Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, ISBN 978-953-150-840-7 
• Sussex, Roland; Cubberly, Paul (2006), The Slavic languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-511-24204-5 
• Edward Stankiewicz (1986). The Slavic Languages: Unity in Diversity. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-009904-1.
• Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova (1998). Formal Approaches to South Slavic Languages. Linguistics Department, NTNU.
• Mirjana N. Dedaic; Mirjana Miskovic-Lukovic (2010). South Slavic Discourse Particles. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 90-272-5601-2.
• Mila Dimitrova-Vulchanova; Lars Hellan (15 March 1999). Topics in South Slavic Syntax and Semantics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-8386-3.
• Radovan Lučić (2002). Lexical norm and national language: lexicography and language policy in South-Slavic languages after 1989. Verlag Otto Sagner.
• Motoki Nomachi (2011). The Grammar of Possessivity in South Slavic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. ISBN 978-4-938637-66-8.
• Steven Franks; Brian D. Joseph; Vrinda Chidambaram (1 January 2009). A Linguist's Linguist: Studies in South Slavic Linguistics in Honor of E. Wayles Browne. Slavica Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89357-364-5.
• A. A. Barentsen; R. Sprenger; M. G. M. Tielemans (1982). South Slavic and Balkan Linguistics. Rodopi. ISBN 90-6203-634-1.
• Anita Peti-Stantic; Mateusz-Milan Stanojevic; Goranka Antunovic (2015). Language Varieties Between Norms and Attitudes: South Slavic Perspectives : Proceedings from the 2013 CALS Conference. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-66256-4.

 للاستزادة

• Тохтасьев, С.Р. (1998), "Древнейшие свидетельства славянского языка на Балканах. Основы балканского языкознания. Языки балканского региона", Ч 2 
• Golubović, J. and Gooskens, C. (2015), "Mutual intelligibility between West and South Slavic languages", Russian Linguistics 39 (3) 
• Henrik Birnbaum (1976). On the significance of the second South Slavic influence for the evolution of the Russian literary language. Peter de Rider Press. ISBN 978-90-316-0047-2.
• Masha Belyavski-Frank (2003). The Balkan conditional in South Slavic: a semantic and syntactic study. Sagner.
• Patrice Marie Rubadeau (1996). A descriptive study of clitics in four Slavic languages: Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Polish, and Czech. University of Michigan.