Stay-behind

في عملية stay-behind أو "فلتبق خلف خطوط العدو" أو بالعامية المصرية: "خليك قاعد"، تقوم الدولة بوضع موظفين أو هيئات في أراضيها، للاستخدام في حالة احتلال عدو لتلك الأرض. If this occurs, the operatives would then form the basis of a حركة مقاومة or act as spies from behind enemy lines. Small-scale operations may cover discrete areas, but larger stay-behind operations envisage reacting to the conquest of entire countries.

Stay-behind operations of significant size existed أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. المملكة المتحدة put in place the وحدات رديفة. Partisans in Axis-occupied Soviet territory in the early 1940s operated with a stay-behind element.^[1]^[2]

أثناء الحرب الباردة، تبنـَّت منظمة حلف شمال الأطلنطي (ناتو) ووكالة المخابرات المركزية (CIA) شبكات stay-behind في العديد من الدول الأوروپية، بهدف تنشيطها في حالة سقوط تلك الدولة تحت سيطرة حلف وارسو أو في حال وصول حزب شيوعي للسلطة^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} in a democratic election. وحسب مارتن پاكارد they were "financed, armed, and trained in covert resistance activities, including assassination, political provocation and disinformation."^[3]

عدد من المستودعات الخفية للأسلحة عُثر عليها^[ممن؟] في إيطاليا والنمسا وألمانيا وهولندا وبلدان أخرى، at the disposition of these "secret armies". أشهر تلك العمليات للناتو كانت العملية گلاديو، التي اعترف بها رئيس الوزراء الإيطالي جوليو أندريوتي في 24 أكتوبر 1990.

The United Kingdom's Territorial Army regiments of SAS and Honourable Artillery Company provided such stay-behind parties in the UK's sector of West Germany.^[4]

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قائمة خطط stay-behind المعروفة

وحدات رديفة (المملكة المتحدة)
Attack on the WSA (لوكسمبورگ)
O&I (nl) (هولندا) (The Dutch secret stay-behind organisation was the only non connected NATO organisation في أوروپا.)
العملية گلاديو (التي تمركزت في إيطاليا، ونشطت في العديد من الدول)
- Aginter Press (البرتغال)
- Lochos Oreinon Katadromon, or LOK (اليونان)
- Operation (Red) Sheepskin (اليونان)^[3]
- Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society (OeWSGV, also: ÖWSGV) (النمسا)
- Plan Bleu, La Rose des Vents, and Arc-en-ciel (فرنسا)
- ROC (النرويج)
- SDRA8 and STC/Mob (بلجيكا)
- Bund Deutscher Jugend – Technischer Dienst, or TD BJD (ألمانيا الغربية)
- KgU - Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit e.V. (A secret stay-behind organisation of West-Berlin against the GDR 1948-1959 with strong Support of CIA)^[5]^[6]
- Özel Harp Dairesi (تركيا)
Nihtilä-Haahti plan (فنلندا)
Projekt-26 (P-26, سويسرا)
Werwolf (ألمانيا النازية)
Regional Force Surveillance Units (أستراليا)، non-secret units of the Royal Australian Corps of Infantry with officially acknowledged 'stay-behind' duties.
Arla gryning (sv) and Informationsbyrån ('IB') in السويد.
Operation Tracer (جبل طارق)

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

^ Collins, John M. (1998). Military Geography. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 122. ISBN 9781597973595. Retrieved 2013-09-28. The Pripet Swamp, which created a great gap between German Army Group Center and Army Group North soon after ... June 1941, made it impossible for large military formations to conduct mutually supporting operations. Attempts to bypass such extensive wetlands proved perilous, because outflanked Soviet stay-behind forces and partisans pounced on logistical troops as soon as German spearheads disappeared.
^ Gill, Henry A. (1998). Soldier Under Three Flags: Exploits of Special Forces' Captain Larry A. Thorne. Pathfinder Publishing, Inc. p. 45. ISBN 9780934793650. Retrieved 2013-09-28. The Finns soon became seriously hindered and harassed by Soviet forces operating in their rear areas. Some of these units were left to operate as stay-behind or partisan units as the Soviets retreated.
^ ^أ ^ب Packard, Martin (2008). Getting It Wrong: Fragments From a Cyprus Diary 1964. UK: AuthorHouse. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4343-7065-5.
^ Ballinger, Adam. The quiet Soldier. ISBN 978-1-85797-158-3.
^ SMT-Verfahren im Zusammenhang mit der Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU), in: Bohse, Daniel/Miehe, Lutz (Hrsg.): Sowjetische Militärjustiz in der SBZ und frühen DDR: Tagungsband, Halle 2007.
^ Koestler, Orwell und „Die Wahrheit": die Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU) und das heimliche Lesen in der SBZ/DDR 1948 bis 1959

Ganser, Daniele, Nato's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe, ISBN 0-7146-5607-0 .

الكلمات الدالة:

[1] Collins, John M. (1998). Military Geography. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 122. ISBN 9781597973595. Retrieved 2013-09-28. The Pripet Swamp, which created a great gap between German Army Group Center and Army Group North soon after ... June 1941, made it impossible for large military formations to conduct mutually supporting operations. Attempts to bypass such extensive wetlands proved perilous, because outflanked Soviet stay-behind forces and partisans pounced on logistical troops as soon as German spearheads disappeared.

[2] Gill, Henry A. (1998). Soldier Under Three Flags: Exploits of Special Forces' Captain Larry A. Thorne. Pathfinder Publishing, Inc. p. 45. ISBN 9780934793650. Retrieved 2013-09-28. The Finns soon became seriously hindered and harassed by Soviet forces operating in their rear areas. Some of these units were left to operate as stay-behind or partisan units as the Soviets retreated.

[Packard-3] أ ^ب Packard, Martin (2008). Getting It Wrong: Fragments From a Cyprus Diary 1964. UK: AuthorHouse. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4343-7065-5.

[4] Ballinger, Adam. The quiet Soldier. ISBN 978-1-85797-158-3.

[5] SMT-Verfahren im Zusammenhang mit der Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU), in: Bohse, Daniel/Miehe, Lutz (Hrsg.): Sowjetische Militärjustiz in der SBZ und frühen DDR: Tagungsband, Halle 2007.

[6] Koestler, Orwell und „Die Wahrheit": die Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU) und das heimliche Lesen in der SBZ/DDR 1948 bis 1959

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