شهادة الفضة (الولايات المتحدة)

(تم التحويل من Silver certificate (United States))
$5 Series 1899 silver certificate depicting Running Antelope
$5 Series 1899 silver certificate depicting Running Antelope of the Húŋkpapȟa.
The $1 silver certificate from the Hawaii overprint series.

شهادات الفضة (بالأنكليزية:Silver certificate) هي نوع من المال أصدرت بين عامي 1878 و 1964 في الولايات المتحدة كجزء من تداوله من العملة الورقية[1] ، تم إنتاجها ردا على الفضة والتحريض من قبل المواطنين الذين كانوا غاضبين من قانون العملة الرابعة التي كانت قد وضعت في الولايات المتحدة على نحو فعال من خلال معيار الذهب وكانت شهادات في البداية لاسترداد قيمتها الاسمية من الفضة و الدولار في وقت لاحق. ( لعام واحد - 24 يونيو 1967 إلى 24 يونيو المقبل 1968) في الذهب والفضة الخام منذ 1968 أنها كانت فقط في استرداد الاحتياطي الفدرالي، وبالتالي فهي عفا عليها الزمن، ولكن العملة القانونية لا تزال صالحة.

شهادات فضية كبيرة الحجم ( 1878-1923 ) صدرت في البداية في فئات من 10 دولارات إلى 1000 دولار $ ( وفي عام 1878 و 1880 ) وعام 1886 وتمت الموافقة على اصدار فئات من $ 1، $ 2، و 5 دولارات، وفي عام 1928 في جميع الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية الأوراق النقدية تم إعادة تصميم العملة هذه وبحجم أقل صدرت الشهادة الفضية صغيرة الحجم (1928-1964) فقط من فئة 1 دولار، 5 دولارات، و 10 دولارا، نوع مجموعة كاملة أدناه هو جزء من النقود في المجموعة الوطنية في المتحف الوطني للتاريخ الأمريكي في سميثسونيان.

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الإصدارات

المسلسلات والتنويعات

Series and varieties of large-size silver certificates[2]
مسلسل Value Features/varieties
1878 and
1880

[nb 1]

$10
$20
$50
$100
$500
$1,000
In addition to the two engraved signatures customary on United States banknotes (the Register of the Treasury and Treasurer of the United States), the first issue of the Series 1878 notes (similar to the early Gold Certificate) included a third signature of one of the Assistant Treasurers of the United States (in New York, San Francisco, or Washington DC).[4] Known as a countersigned or triple-signature note, this feature existed for the first run of notes issued in 1880, but was then removed from the remaining 1880 issues.[5]
1886 $1
$2
$5
$10
$20
The Act of August 4, 1886 authorized the issue of lower denomination ($1, $2, and $5) silver certificates.[6] Similar to the Series 1878/1880 notes, the Treasury seal characteristics (size, color, and style) varies with the change of the Treasury signatures.[7] The series is known for the ornate engraving on the reverse of the note.
1891 $1, $2
$5, $10
$20, $50
$100
$1,000
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing introduced the process of “resizing” paper for Series 1891 notes.[8]
1896 $1
$2
$5
The Educational Series is considered to be the most artistically designed bank notes printed by the United States.[5]
1899 $1
$2
$5
Large-size silver certificates from the Series of 1899 forward have a blue Treasury seal and serial numbers.[9]
1908 $10
1923 $1
$5

Large-size United States silver certificates (1878-1923)

Complete typeset of large-size United States silver certificates (1878-1923)[10]
Value Series Fr.[nb 2] Image Portrait Signature & seal varieties[nb 3]
$1 1886 Fr.217 alt=$1 Silver Certificate, Series 1886, Fr.215, depicting Martha Washington Martha Washington 215 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red, plain

216 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red, plain
217 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – large red
218 – Rosecrans and Huston – large red
219 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown
220 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – large brown
221 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red, scalloped

$1 1891 Fr.223 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.223, depicting Martha Washington Martha Washington 222 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red, scalloped

223 – Tillman and Morgan – small red, scalloped

$1 1896 Fr.224 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1896, Fr.224, depicting allegory entitled "History Instructing Youth" Allegory History Instructing Youth (obv); George Washington & Martha Washington (rev) 224 – Tillman and Morgan – small red, rays

225 – Bruce and Roberts – small red, rays

$1 1899 Fr.226 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1899, Fr.226, depicting Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses Grant Abraham Lincoln & Ulysses Grant 226 – Lyons and Roberts – blue

227 – Lyons and Treat – blue
228 – Vernon and Treat – blue
229 – Vernon and McClung – blue
230 – Napier and McClung – blue
231 – Napier and Thompson – blue
232 – Parker and Burke – blue
233 – Teehee and Burke – blue
234 – Elliott and Burke – blue
235 – Elliott and White – blue
236 – Speelman and White – blue

$1 1923 Fr.239 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1923, Fr.239, depicting George Washington George Washington 237Speelman and White – blue

238 – Woods and White – blue
239 – Woods and Tate – blue

$2 1886 Fr.242 $2 Silver Certificate, Series 1886, Fr.242, depicting Winfield Scott Hancock Winfield Scott Hancock 240 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red

241 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red
242 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – large red
243 – Rosecrans and Huston – large red
244 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown

$2 1891 Fr.246 $2 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.246, depicting William Windom William Windom 245 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

246 – Tillman and Morgan – small red

$2 1896 Fr.247 $2 Silver Certificate, Series 1896, Fr.1896, depicting allegory entitled "Science Presenting Steam and Electricity to Commerce and Manufacture" Allegory of Science Presenting Steam and Electricity to Commerce and Manufacture (obv); Robert Fulton & Samuel F.B. Morse (rev) 247 – Tillman and Morgan – small red

248 – Bruce and Roberts – small red

$2 1899 Fr.249 $2 Silver Certificate, Series 1899, Fr.249, depicting George Washington George Washington 249 – Lyons and Roberts – blue

250 – Lyons and Treat – blue
251 – Vernon and Treat – blue
252 – Vernon and McClung – blue
253 – Napier and McClung – blue
254 – Napier and Thompson – blue
255Parker and Burke – blue
256 – Teehee and Burke – blue
257 – Elliott and Burke – blue
258 – Speelman and White – blue

$5 1886 Fr.264 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1886, Fr.264, depicting Ulysses Grant Ulysses Grant 259 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red, plain

260 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red, plain
261 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – large red
262 – Rosecrans and Huston – large red
263 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown
264 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – large brown
265 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red, scalloped

$5 1891 Fr.267 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.267, depicting Ulysses Grant Ulysses Grant 266Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red, scalloped

267 – Tillman and Morgan – small red

$5 1896 Fr.270 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1896, Fr.270, depicting allegory entitled "Electricity Presenting Light to the World" Allegory of Electricity Presenting Light to the World (obv); Ulysses Grant & Philip Sheridan (rev) 268 – Tillman and Morgan – small red

269 – Bruce and Roberts – small red
270 – Lyons and Roberts – small red

$5 1899 Fr.271 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1899, Fr.271, depicting Running Antelope Running Antelope 271 – Lyons and Roberts – blue

272 – Lyons and Treat – blue
273 – Vernon and Treat – blue
274 – Vernon and McClung – blue
275 – Napier and McClung – blue
276 – Napier and Thompson – blue
277 – Parker and Burke – blue
278 – Teehee and Burke – blue
279 – Elliott and Burke – blue
280 – Elliott and White – blue
281 – Speelman and White – blue

$5 1923 Fr.282 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1923, Fr.282, depicting Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln 282 – Speelman and White – blue
$10 1878 Fr.285a* $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.285a, depicting Robert Morris Robert Morris 283 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by W.G. White – large red

284 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by J.C. Hopper – large red
284a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse* – large red
284b – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large red
284c – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by R.M. Anthony* – large red
285 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman* – large red
285a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman – large red

$10 1880 Fr.287 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.287, depicting Robert Morris Robert Morris 286 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large brown with X

286a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman – large brown with X
287 – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown with X
288 – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown with X
289 – Bruce and Wyman – large brown with X
290 – Bruce and Wyman – large red without X

$10 1886 Fr.291 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1886, Fr.291, depicting Thomas Hendricks Thomas Hendricks 291 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red, plain

292 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red, plain
293 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – large red
294 – Rosecrans and Huston – large red
295 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown
296 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – large brown
297 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red, scalloped

$10 1891 Fr.298 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.298, depicting Thomas Hendricks Thomas Hendricks 298 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

299 – Tillman and Morgan – small red
300 – Bruce and Roberts – small red
301 – Lyons and Roberts – small red

$10 1908 Fr.302 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1908, Fr.302, depicting Thomas Hendricks Thomas Hendricks 302 – Vernon and Treat – blue

303 – Vernon and McClung – blue
304Parker and Burke – blue

$20 1878 Fr.307 $20 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.307, depicting Stephen Decatur Stephen Decatur 305 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by J.C. Hopper – large red

306 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large red
306a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by R.M. Anthony – large red
306b – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman* – large red
307 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman – large red

$20 1880 Fr.311 $20 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.311, depicting Stephen Decatur Stephen Decatur 308 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large brown

309 – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown
310 – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown
311 – Bruce and Wyman – large brown
312 – Bruce and Wyman – small red

$20 1886 Fr.316 $20 Silver Certificate, Series 1886, Fr.316, depicting Daniel Manning Daniel Manning 313 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – large red

314 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown
315 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – large brown
316 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

$20 1891 Fr.317 $20 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.317, depicting Daniel Manning Daniel Manning 317 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

318 – Tillman and Morgan – small red
319 – Bruce and Roberts – small red
320 – Lyons and Roberts – small red
321Parker and Burke – blue
322 – Teehee and Burke – blue

$50 1878 Fr.324 $50 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.324, depicting Edward Everett Edward Everett 323 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by W.C. White* or J.C. Hopper* – large red

324 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large red
324a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by R.M. Anthony – large red
324b – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman* – large red
324c – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman – large red

$50 1880 Fr.327 $50 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.327, depicting Edward Everett Edward Everett 325 – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown, rays

326 – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown, rays
327 – Bruce and Wyman – large brown, rays
328Rosecrans and Huston – large brown, spikes
329 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

$50 1891 Fr.331 $50 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.331, depicting Edward Everett Edward Everett 330 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

331 – Tillman and Morgan – small red
332 – Bruce and Roberts – small red
333 – Lyons and Roberts – small red
334 – Vernon and Treat – small red
335 – Parker and Burke – blue

$100 1878 Fr.337b $100 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.337b, depicting James Monroe James Monroe 336 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by W.G. White – large red

336a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by J.C. Hopper or T. Hillhouse – large red
337 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by R.M. Anthony* – large red
337a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman* – large red
337b – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman – large red

$100 1880 Fr.340 $100 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.340, depicting James Monroe James Monroe 338– Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown, rays

339 – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown, rays
340 – Bruce and Wyman – large brown, rays
341Rosecrans and Huston – large brown, spikes
342 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

$100 1891 Fr.344 $100 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.344, depicting James Monroe James Monroe 343 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red

344 – Tillman and Morgan – small red

$500 1878 Fr.345a $500 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.345a, depicting Charles Sumner Charles Sumner 345a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman* – large red, rays
$500 1880 Fr.345c $500 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.345c, depicting Charles Sumner Charles Sumner 345b – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown

345c – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown
345d – Bruce and Wyman – large brown

$1,000 1878 Fr.346a $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.346a, depicting William Marcy William Marcy 346a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS unknown – large red, rays
$1,000 1880 Fr.346d $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.346d, depicting William Marcy William Marcy 346b – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown

346c – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown
346d – Bruce and Wyman – large brown

$1,000 1891 Fr.346e $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.346e, depicting William Marcy William Marcy 346e – Tillman and Morgan – small red


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Small-size United States silver certificates (1928-1957)

Complete typeset of small-size United States silver certificates (1928-1957)[11]
Value Series Fr.[nb 4] Image Portrait Signature & seal varieties
$1 19281928 to 1928-E Fr.1600 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.1600, depicting George Washington George Washington 1600 – Tate and Mellon (1928) – blue

1601 – Woods and Mellon (1928A) – blue[nb 5]
1602 – Woods and Mills (1928B) – blue
1603 – Woods and Woodin (1928C) – blue
1604 – Julian and Woodin (1928D) – blue
1605 – Julian and Morgenthau (1928E) – blue

$1 19341934 Fr.1606 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.1606, depicting George Washington George Washington 1606 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – blue
$1 19351935 to 1935-G Fr.1607 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1935, Fr.1607, depicting George Washington George Washington 1607 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935) – blue

1608 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935A)– blue
1609 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935A) R-Exp – blue.[nb 6]
1610 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935A) S-Exp – blue
1611 – Julian and Vinson (1935B) – blue
1612 – Julian and Snyder (1935C) – blue
1613W – Clark and Snyder (1935D) Wide – blue[nb 7]
1613N – Clark and Snyder (1935D) Narrow – blue
1614 – Priest and Humphrey (1935E) – blue
1615 – Priest and Anderson (1935F) – blue
1616 – Smith and Dillon (1935G) – blue

$1 19571935-G to 1957-B Fr.1619 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1957, Fr.1619, depicting George Washington George Washington 1617 – Smith and Dillon (1935G) – blue[nb 8]

1618 – Granahan and Dillon (1935H) – blue
1619 – Priest and Anderson (1957) – blue
1620 – Smith and Dillon (1957A) – blue
1621 – Granahan and Dillon (1957B) – blue

$5 19341934 to 1934-D Fr.1650 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.1650, depicting Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln 1650 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – blue

1651 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – blue
1652 – Julian and Vinson (1934B) – blue
1653 – Julian and Snyder (1934C) – blue
1654 – Clark and Snyder (1934D) – blue

$5 19531953 to 1953-C Fr.1655 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1953, Fr.1655, depicting Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln 1655 – Priest and Humphrey (1953) – blue

1656 – Priest and Anderson (1953A) – blue
1657 – Smith and Dillon (1953B) – blue
1658 – Granahan and Dillon (1953C) – blue[nb 9]

$10 19331933 to 1933-A Fr.1700 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1933, Fr.1700, depicting Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton 1700 – Julian and Woodin (1933) – blue[nb 10]

1700a – Julian and Morgenthau (1933A) – blue[nb 9]

$10 19341934 to 1934-D Fr.1701 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.1701, depicting Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton 1701 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – blue

1702 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – blue
1703 – Julian and Vinson (1934B) – blue
1704 – Julian and Snyder (1934C) – blue
1705 – Clark and Snyder (1934D) – blue

$10 19531953 to 1953-B Fr.1706 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1953, Fr.1706, depicting Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton 1706 – Priest and Humphrey (1953) – blue

1707 – Priest and Anderson (1953A) – blue
1708 – Smith and Dillon (1953B) – blue

$1 1935-A1935-A Fr.2300 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1935A, Fr.2300, depicting George Washington George Washington 2300 – Julian and Morgenthau – brown
$1 1935-A1935-A Fr.2306 $1 Silver Certificate, Series 1935A, Fr.2306, depicting George Washington George Washington 2306 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935A) – yellow
$5 1934-A1934-A Fr.2307 $5 Silver Certificate, Series 1934A, Fr.2307, depicting Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln 2307 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – yellow
$10 1934-A1934 to 1934-A Fr.2309 $10 Silver Certificate, Series 1934A, Fr.2309, depicting Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton 2308 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – yellow

2309 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – yellow

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Notes issued under a given Series (e.g., Series 1880, Series 1899) are, in some cases, released over a period of years, as reflected in the Friedberg number signature and seal varieties. For example, based on dates of the signature combinations,[3] the Series 1899 $1 silver certificate was first issued with the signature combination of Lyons and Robert (in office together from 1898 to 1905) and last issued with the Speelman and White signatures (in office together from 1922 to 1927). Therefore, a Series 1899 note could have been issued as late as 1927.
  2. ^ "Fr" numbers refer to the numbering system in the widely used Friedberg reference book. Fr. numbers indicate varieties existing within a larger type design.[7]
  3. ^ Varieties are presented by Fr. number followed by the specific differences in signature combination, seal (color, size, and style), and minor design changes, if applicable. For Series 1878 notes, an asterisk following the Assistant Treasurer’s name indicates it is hand-signed versus engraved.
  4. ^ Because small-size silver certificates are presented in ascending Friedberg number, World War II emergency issue notes (2300, 2306, 2307, and 2309) are presented out of chronological order at the end of the table.
  5. ^ Serial blocks of the 1928A and 1928B silver certificates that were lettered XB or YB were made of experimental paper, and ZB of regular paper as a control.[12]
  6. ^ Series 1935A "Experimental" bills were stamped with either a red "R" or "S" while testing regular and synthetic papers.[13]
  7. ^ For 1935D - narrow and wide refer to the width of design features on the reverse of the note. The wide variety is 0.0625 in (1.5875 mm) larger and has a 4-digit reverse plate number less than 5016.[14]
  8. ^ The motto (“In God We Trust”) was added to the Series of 1935G notes midway through the issue.[13]
  9. ^ أ ب Printed but not issued.[15]
  10. ^ Very few Series 1933 $10 Silver Certificates were released before they were replaced by Series 1934 and most of those remaining were consigned to destruction; only a few dozen are known to collectors today.[16]

ملاحظات

  1. ^ مصنع المال، موقع حكومي أمريكي.[[تصنيف:مقالات ذات وصلات خارجية مكسورة from خطأ: زمن غير صحيح.]]<span title=" منذ خطأ: زمن غير صحيح." style="white-space: nowrap;">[وصلة مكسورة] Archived 2014-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 70–90 and 188–90.
  3. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, p. 303.
  4. ^ Blake, p. 19.
  5. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Friedberg74
  6. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Knox, p. 155
  7. ^ أ ب Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 6–7.
  8. ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. United States Department of the Treasury. 1892. p. 475. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://books.google.com/books?id=DSgSAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved on 16 February 2014. 
  9. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 74–81.
  10. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 70–90.
  11. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 188–90.
  12. ^ Schwartz & Lindquist, p. 31.
  13. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Friedberg187
  14. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, p. 170.
  15. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, p. 190.
  16. ^ Schwartz & Lindquist, p. 156.

المراجع

  • Agger, Eugene E. (1918). "The Denominations of the Currency". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 32 (2): 257–277. doi:10.2307/1885428. JSTOR 1885428.
  • Ascher, Leonard W. (1964). "The Coming Chaos in Our Coinage". Financial Analysts Journal. 20 (3): 99–102. doi:10.2469/faj.v20.n3.99. JSTOR 4469657.
  • Barnett, Paul (1964). "The Crime of 1873 Re-examined". Agricultural History. 38 (3): 178–181. JSTOR 3740438.
  • Blake, George Herbert (1908). United States paper money. George H. Blake. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  • Carothers, Neil (1932). "A Senate Racket". The North American Review. 233 (1): 4–15. JSTOR 25113955.
  • Cuhaj, George S. (2012). Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-3087-5. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  • Dillon, C. Douglas (1963). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 400–403. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/194/item/5455. 
  • Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2013). Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations (20th ed.). Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 978-0-87184-520-7. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  • Friedman, Milton (1990). "The Crime of 1873". Journal of Political Economy. 98 (6): 1159–1194. doi:10.1086/261730. JSTOR 2937754.
  • Grey, George B. (2002). Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59033-053-1. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  • Knox, John Jay (1888). United States Notes: A history of the various issues of paper money by the government of the United States (3rd ed.). Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Leavens, Dickson H. (1939). Silver Money. Principia Press, Inc. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  • Lee, Alfred E. (1886). "Bimetalism in the United States". Political Science Quarterly. 1 (3): 386–399. doi:10.2307/2139359. JSTOR 2139359.
  • McVey, Frank L. (1902). "The Reclassification of the Paper Currency". Journal of Political Economy. 10 (3): 437–442. doi:10.1086/250857. JSTOR 1819565.
  • O’Leary, Paul M. (1960). "The Scene of the Crime of 1873 Revisited: A Note". Journal of Political Economy. 68 (4): 388–392. doi:10.1086/258345. JSTOR 1830011.
  • Schwartz, John; Lindquist, Scott (2011). Standard Guide to Small-Size U.S. Paper Money – 1928 to Date. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-1703-6. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  • Taussig, F.W. (1890). "The Silver Situation in the United States". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 4 (3): 291–315. doi:10.2307/1881888. hdl:2027/uc1.$b245353. JSTOR 1881888.
  • Taussig, F.W. (1892). "The Silver Situation in the United States". Publication of the American Economic Association. 7 (1): 7–118. JSTOR 2485709.


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للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Obsolete U.S. currency and coinage

الكلمات الدالة: