شهادة الفضة (الولايات المتحدة)
شهادات الفضة (بالأنكليزية:Silver certificate) هي نوع من المال أصدرت بين عامي 1878 و 1964 في الولايات المتحدة كجزء من تداوله من العملة الورقية[1] ، تم إنتاجها ردا على الفضة والتحريض من قبل المواطنين الذين كانوا غاضبين من قانون العملة الرابعة التي كانت قد وضعت في الولايات المتحدة على نحو فعال من خلال معيار الذهب وكانت شهادات في البداية لاسترداد قيمتها الاسمية من الفضة و الدولار في وقت لاحق. ( لعام واحد - 24 يونيو 1967 إلى 24 يونيو المقبل 1968) في الذهب والفضة الخام منذ 1968 أنها كانت فقط في استرداد الاحتياطي الفدرالي، وبالتالي فهي عفا عليها الزمن، ولكن العملة القانونية لا تزال صالحة.
شهادات فضية كبيرة الحجم ( 1878-1923 ) صدرت في البداية في فئات من 10 دولارات إلى 1000 دولار $ ( وفي عام 1878 و 1880 ) وعام 1886 وتمت الموافقة على اصدار فئات من $ 1، $ 2، و 5 دولارات، وفي عام 1928 في جميع الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية الأوراق النقدية تم إعادة تصميم العملة هذه وبحجم أقل صدرت الشهادة الفضية صغيرة الحجم (1928-1964) فقط من فئة 1 دولار، 5 دولارات، و 10 دولارا، نوع مجموعة كاملة أدناه هو جزء من النقود في المجموعة الوطنية في المتحف الوطني للتاريخ الأمريكي في سميثسونيان.
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الإصدارات
المسلسلات والتنويعات
مسلسل | Value | Features/varieties |
---|---|---|
1878 and 1880 |
$10 $20 $50 $100 $500 $1,000 |
In addition to the two engraved signatures customary on United States banknotes (the Register of the Treasury and Treasurer of the United States), the first issue of the Series 1878 notes (similar to the early Gold Certificate) included a third signature of one of the Assistant Treasurers of the United States (in New York, San Francisco, or Washington DC).[4] Known as a countersigned or triple-signature note, this feature existed for the first run of notes issued in 1880, but was then removed from the remaining 1880 issues.[5] |
1886 | $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 |
The Act of August 4, 1886 authorized the issue of lower denomination ($1, $2, and $5) silver certificates.[6] Similar to the Series 1878/1880 notes, the Treasury seal characteristics (size, color, and style) varies with the change of the Treasury signatures.[7] The series is known for the ornate engraving on the reverse of the note. |
1891 | $1, $2 $5, $10 $20, $50 $100 $1,000 |
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing introduced the process of “resizing” paper for Series 1891 notes.[8] |
1896 | $1 $2 $5 |
The Educational Series is considered to be the most artistically designed bank notes printed by the United States.[5] |
1899 | $1 $2 $5 |
Large-size silver certificates from the Series of 1899 forward have a blue Treasury seal and serial numbers.[9] |
1908 | $10 | |
1923 | $1 $5 |
Large-size United States silver certificates (1878-1923)
Value | Series | Fr.[nb 2] | Image | Portrait | Signature & seal varieties[nb 3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
$1 | 1886 | Fr.217 | Martha Washington | 215 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red, plain 216 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red, plain | |
$1 | 1891 | Fr.223 | Martha Washington | 222 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red, scalloped | |
$1 | 1896 | Fr.224 | Allegory History Instructing Youth (obv); George Washington & Martha Washington (rev) | 224 – Tillman and Morgan – small red, rays | |
$1 | 1899 | Fr.226 | Abraham Lincoln & Ulysses Grant | 226 – Lyons and Roberts – blue 227 – Lyons and Treat – blue | |
$1 | 1923 | Fr.239 | George Washington | 237 – Speelman and White – blue | |
$2 | 1886 | Fr.242 | Winfield Scott Hancock | 240 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red 241 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red | |
$2 | 1891 | Fr.246 | William Windom | 245 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red | |
$2 | 1896 | Fr.247 | Allegory of Science Presenting Steam and Electricity to Commerce and Manufacture (obv); Robert Fulton & Samuel F.B. Morse (rev) | 247 – Tillman and Morgan – small red | |
$2 | 1899 | Fr.249 | George Washington | 249 – Lyons and Roberts – blue 250 – Lyons and Treat – blue | |
$5 | 1886 | Fr.264 | Ulysses Grant | 259 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red, plain 260 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red, plain | |
$5 | 1891 | Fr.267 | Ulysses Grant | 266 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red, scalloped | |
$5 | 1896 | Fr.270 | Allegory of Electricity Presenting Light to the World (obv); Ulysses Grant & Philip Sheridan (rev) | 268 – Tillman and Morgan – small red 269 – Bruce and Roberts – small red | |
$5 | 1899 | Fr.271 | Running Antelope | 271 – Lyons and Roberts – blue 272 – Lyons and Treat – blue | |
$5 | 1923 | Fr.282 | Abraham Lincoln | 282 – Speelman and White – blue | |
$10 | 1878 | Fr.285a* | Robert Morris | 283 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by W.G. White – large red 284 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by J.C. Hopper – large red | |
$10 | 1880 | Fr.287 | Robert Morris | 286 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large brown with X 286a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman – large brown with X | |
$10 | 1886 | Fr.291 | Thomas Hendricks | 291 – Rosecrans and Jordan – small red, plain 292 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – small red, plain | |
$10 | 1891 | Fr.298 | Thomas Hendricks | 298 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red 299 – Tillman and Morgan – small red | |
$10 | 1908 | Fr.302 | Thomas Hendricks | 302 – Vernon and Treat – blue 303 – Vernon and McClung – blue | |
$20 | 1878 | Fr.307 | Stephen Decatur | 305 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by J.C. Hopper – large red 306 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large red | |
$20 | 1880 | Fr.311 | Stephen Decatur | 308 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large brown 309 – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown | |
$20 | 1886 | Fr.316 | Daniel Manning | 313 – Rosecrans and Hyatt – large red 314 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown | |
$20 | 1891 | Fr.317 | Daniel Manning | 317 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red 318 – Tillman and Morgan – small red | |
$50 | 1878 | Fr.324 | Edward Everett | 323 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by W.C. White* or J.C. Hopper* – large red 324 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by T. Hillhouse – large red | |
$50 | 1880 | Fr.327 | Edward Everett | 325 – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown, rays 326 – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown, rays | |
$50 | 1891 | Fr.331 | Edward Everett | 330 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red 331 – Tillman and Morgan – small red | |
$100 | 1878 | Fr.337b | James Monroe | 336 – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by W.G. White – large red 336a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by J.C. Hopper or T. Hillhouse – large red | |
$100 | 1880 | Fr.340 | James Monroe | 338– Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown, rays 339 – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown, rays | |
$100 | 1891 | Fr.344 | James Monroe | 343 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red | |
$500 | 1878 | Fr.345a | Charles Sumner | 345a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS by A.U. Wyman* – large red, rays | |
$500 | 1880 | Fr.345c | Charles Sumner | 345b – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown 345c – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown | |
$1,000 | 1878 | Fr.346a | William Marcy | 346a – Scofield and Gilfillan, CS unknown – large red, rays | |
$1,000 | 1880 | Fr.346d | William Marcy | 346b – Scofield and Gilfillan – large brown 346c – Bruce and Gilfillan – large brown | |
$1,000 | 1891 | Fr.346e | William Marcy | 346e – Tillman and Morgan – small red |
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Small-size United States silver certificates (1928-1957)
Value | Series | Fr.[nb 4] | Image | Portrait | Signature & seal varieties |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
$1 | 1928 to 1928-E | Fr.1600 | George Washington | 1600 – Tate and Mellon (1928) – blue 1601 – Woods and Mellon (1928A) – blue[nb 5] | |
$1 | 1934 | Fr.1606 | George Washington | 1606 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – blue | |
$1 | 1935 to 1935-G | Fr.1607 | George Washington | 1607 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935) – blue 1608 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935A)– blue | |
$1 | 1935-G to 1957-B | Fr.1619 | George Washington | 1617 – Smith and Dillon (1935G) – blue[nb 8] 1618 – Granahan and Dillon (1935H) – blue | |
$5 | 1934 to 1934-D | Fr.1650 | Abraham Lincoln | 1650 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – blue 1651 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – blue | |
$5 | 1953 to 1953-C | Fr.1655 | Abraham Lincoln | 1655 – Priest and Humphrey (1953) – blue 1656 – Priest and Anderson (1953A) – blue | |
$10 | 1933 to 1933-A | Fr.1700 | Alexander Hamilton | 1700 – Julian and Woodin (1933) – blue[nb 10]
1700a – Julian and Morgenthau (1933A) – blue[nb 9] | |
$10 | 1934 to 1934-D | Fr.1701 | Alexander Hamilton | 1701 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – blue 1702 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – blue | |
$10 | 1953 to 1953-B | Fr.1706 | Alexander Hamilton | 1706 – Priest and Humphrey (1953) – blue 1707 – Priest and Anderson (1953A) – blue | |
$1 | 1935-A | Fr.2300 | George Washington | 2300 – Julian and Morgenthau – brown | |
$1 | 1935-A | Fr.2306 | George Washington | 2306 – Julian and Morgenthau (1935A) – yellow | |
$5 | 1934-A | Fr.2307 | Abraham Lincoln | 2307 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – yellow | |
$10 | 1934 to 1934-A | Fr.2309 | Alexander Hamilton | 2308 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934) – yellow 2309 – Julian and Morgenthau (1934A) – yellow |
انظر أيضاً
- Gold certificate
- Silver standard
- Silver as an investment
- Representative money
- Silver certificate (Cuba)
المراجع
- ^ Notes issued under a given Series (e.g., Series 1880, Series 1899) are, in some cases, released over a period of years, as reflected in the Friedberg number signature and seal varieties. For example, based on dates of the signature combinations,[3] the Series 1899 $1 silver certificate was first issued with the signature combination of Lyons and Robert (in office together from 1898 to 1905) and last issued with the Speelman and White signatures (in office together from 1922 to 1927). Therefore, a Series 1899 note could have been issued as late as 1927.
- ^ "Fr" numbers refer to the numbering system in the widely used Friedberg reference book. Fr. numbers indicate varieties existing within a larger type design.[7]
- ^ Varieties are presented by Fr. number followed by the specific differences in signature combination, seal (color, size, and style), and minor design changes, if applicable. For Series 1878 notes, an asterisk following the Assistant Treasurer’s name indicates it is hand-signed versus engraved.
- ^ Because small-size silver certificates are presented in ascending Friedberg number, World War II emergency issue notes (2300, 2306, 2307, and 2309) are presented out of chronological order at the end of the table.
- ^ Serial blocks of the 1928A and 1928B silver certificates that were lettered XB or YB were made of experimental paper, and ZB of regular paper as a control.[12]
- ^ Series 1935A "Experimental" bills were stamped with either a red "R" or "S" while testing regular and synthetic papers.[13]
- ^ For 1935D - narrow and wide refer to the width of design features on the reverse of the note. The wide variety is 0.0625 in (1.5875 mm) larger and has a 4-digit reverse plate number less than 5016.[14]
- ^ The motto (“In God We Trust”) was added to the Series of 1935G notes midway through the issue.[13]
- ^ أ ب Printed but not issued.[15]
- ^ Very few Series 1933 $10 Silver Certificates were released before they were replaced by Series 1934 and most of those remaining were consigned to destruction; only a few dozen are known to collectors today.[16]
ملاحظات
- ^ مصنع المال، موقع حكومي أمريكي.[[تصنيف:مقالات ذات وصلات خارجية مكسورة from خطأ: زمن غير صحيح.]]<span title=" منذ خطأ: زمن غير صحيح." style="white-space: nowrap;">[وصلة مكسورة] Archived 2014-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 70–90 and 188–90.
- ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, p. 303.
- ^ Blake, p. 19.
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةFriedberg74
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةKnox, p. 155
- ^ أ ب Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. United States Department of the Treasury. 1892. p. 475. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the
|archivedate=
parameter. https://books.google.com/books?id=DSgSAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved on 16 February 2014. - ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 74–81.
- ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 70–90.
- ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, pp. 188–90.
- ^ Schwartz & Lindquist, p. 31.
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةFriedberg187
- ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, p. 170.
- ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, p. 190.
- ^ Schwartz & Lindquist, p. 156.
المراجع
- Agger, Eugene E. (1918). "The Denominations of the Currency". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 32 (2): 257–277. doi:10.2307/1885428. JSTOR 1885428.
- Ascher, Leonard W. (1964). "The Coming Chaos in Our Coinage". Financial Analysts Journal. 20 (3): 99–102. doi:10.2469/faj.v20.n3.99. JSTOR 4469657.
- Barnett, Paul (1964). "The Crime of 1873 Re-examined". Agricultural History. 38 (3): 178–181. JSTOR 3740438.
- Blake, George Herbert (1908). United States paper money. George H. Blake. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- Carothers, Neil (1932). "A Senate Racket". The North American Review. 233 (1): 4–15. JSTOR 25113955.
- Cuhaj, George S. (2012). Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-3087-5. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- Dillon, C. Douglas (1963). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 400–403. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the
|archivedate=
parameter. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/194/item/5455. - Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2013). Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations (20th ed.). Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 978-0-87184-520-7. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- Friedman, Milton (1990). "The Crime of 1873". Journal of Political Economy. 98 (6): 1159–1194. doi:10.1086/261730. JSTOR 2937754.
- Grey, George B. (2002). Federal Reserve System: Background, Analyses and Bibliography. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59033-053-1. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- Knox, John Jay (1888). United States Notes: A history of the various issues of paper money by the government of the United States (3rd ed.). Charles Scribner’s Sons.
- Leavens, Dickson H. (1939). Silver Money. Principia Press, Inc. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- Lee, Alfred E. (1886). "Bimetalism in the United States". Political Science Quarterly. 1 (3): 386–399. doi:10.2307/2139359. JSTOR 2139359.
- McVey, Frank L. (1902). "The Reclassification of the Paper Currency". Journal of Political Economy. 10 (3): 437–442. doi:10.1086/250857. JSTOR 1819565.
- O’Leary, Paul M. (1960). "The Scene of the Crime of 1873 Revisited: A Note". Journal of Political Economy. 68 (4): 388–392. doi:10.1086/258345. JSTOR 1830011.
- Schwartz, John; Lindquist, Scott (2011). Standard Guide to Small-Size U.S. Paper Money – 1928 to Date. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-1703-6. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- Taussig, F.W. (1890). "The Silver Situation in the United States". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 4 (3): 291–315. doi:10.2307/1881888. hdl:2027/uc1.$b245353. JSTOR 1881888.
- Taussig, F.W. (1892). "The Silver Situation in the United States". Publication of the American Economic Association. 7 (1): 7–118. JSTOR 2485709.
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للاستزادة
- Hessler, Gene; Chambliss, Carlson (2006). The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money: All United States Federal Paper Money Since 1812 (7 ed.). BNR Press. ISBN 9780931960666.
- National Monetary Commission (1910). Laws of the United States concerning money, banking, and loans, 1778-1909. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 14 February 2014.