مملكة ريوكيو

مملكة ريوكيو

琉球國
مملكة ريوكيو; 琉球國
1429–1879
	الراية الملكية الدرع الملكية
	النشيد: 石なぐの歌
المكانة	دولة دافعة للجزية لأسرة مينگ; (1429–1644); دولة دافعة للجزية لأسرة تشينگ; (1644-1875); Vassal state of Satsuma Domain; (1609–1872); دولة تابعة لإمبراطورية اليابان; (1872–1879);
العاصمة	شوري
اللغات الشائعة	لغات ريوكيو (اللغات الأصلية)، الصينية التقليدية، اليابانية التقليدية
الدين	ديانة ريوكيو الأصلية، البوذية، الكونفوشية، الطاوية
الحكومة	ملكية
الملك (國王)
• 1429–1439	Shō Hashi
• 1477–1526	Shō Shin
• 1587–1620	Shō Nei
• 1848–1879	Shō Tai
Sessei (摂政)
• 1666–1673	Shō Shōken
الوصي (國師, Kokushi)
• 1751–1752	ساي أُن
التشريع	Shuri cabinet (首里王府), Sanshikan (三司官)
التاريخ
• Unification	1429
• غزو ساتسوما	5 أبريل 1609
• Reorganized into Ryukyu Domain	1875
• ضمتها اليابان	March 27 1879
Area
	2,271 km2 (877 sq mi)
Currency	مون ريوكيو، Chinese, and مون ياباني coins
سبقها	تلاها
	هـُكوزان
	تشوزان
	نان‌زان
امبراطورية اليابان
Satsuma Domain
Ryukyu Domain
Today part of	اليابان

مملكة ريوكيو (Okinawan: 琉球國 Ruuchuu-kuku؛ يابانية: 琉球王国 Ryūkyū Ōkoku؛ الصينية الوسيطة: Ljuw-gjuw kwok؛ الاسم الإنگليزي التاريخي: Lewchew، ‏Luchu و Loochoo؛ إنگليزية: Ryukyu Kingdom) كانت مملكة مستقلة حكمت معظم جزر ريوكيو من القرن 15 إلى القرن 19.^{[note 1]} وحـّد ملوك ريوكيو جزيرة أوكيناوا ومدوا المملكة لتشمل جزر أمامي في محافظة كاگوشيما الحالية، و جزر ساكي‌شيما بالقرب من تايوان. وبالرغم من صغر حجمها، فإن المملكة لعبت دوراً محورياً في شبكات التجارة البحرية في العصور الوسطى في شرق وجنوب شرق آسيا، خصوصاً سلطنة ملقا.

التاريخ

أصول المملكة

الختم الملكي لمملكة ريوكيو (首里之印)

ختم من صين تشينگ يخوِّل ملك ريوكيو أن يحكم

المبنى الرئيسي (Seidan) في قلعة شوري

الغزو الياباني والإخضاع

حوالي 1590، Toyotomi Hideyoshi asked the Ryukyu Kingdom to aid in his campaign to conquer Korea. If successful, Hideyoshi intended to then move against China. As the Ryukyu Kingdom was a tributary state of the Ming dynasty, the request was refused. The Tokugawa shogunate that emerged following Hideyoshi's fall authorized the Shimazu family—feudal lords of the Satsuma domain (present-day Kagoshima Prefecture)—to send an expeditionary force to conquer the Ryukyus. The subsequent invasion took place in 1609.^[2] Occupation occurred fairly quickly, with some fierce fighting, and King Shō Nei was taken prisoner to Kagoshima and later to Edo (طوكيو الحالية). When he was released two years later, the Ryukyu Kingdom regained a degree of autonomy; however, the Satsuma domain seized control over some territory of the Ryukyu Kingdom, notably the Amami-Ōshima island group, which was incorporated into the Satsuma domain and remains a part of Kagoshima prefecture, not Okinawa prefecture, to this day.

The kingdom was described by Hayashi Shihei in Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu, which was published in 1785.^[3]

علاقات الجزية

A Ryukyuan embassy in Edo, Japan.

Traditional Ryukyuan clothes

Japan ordered tributary relations to end in 1875 after the tribute mission of 1874 was perceived as a show of submission to China.^[4]

ضمها إلى الامبراطورية اليابانية

In 1872, Emperor Meiji unilaterally declared that the kingdom was then Ryukyu Domain.^[5]^[6]^[7] At the same time, the fiction of independence was maintained for diplomatic reasons^[8] until the Meiji Japanese government abolished the Ryukyu Kingdom when the islands were incorporated as Okinawa Prefecture on 27 March 1879.^[9] The Amami-Ōshima island group which had been integrated into Satsuma Domain became a part of Kagoshima Prefecture.

الأحداث الكبرى

1187 – Shunten becomes King of Okinawa, based at Urasoe Castle.
1272 – Envoys from the Mongol Empire are expelled from Okinawa by King Eiso.
1276 – Mongols are violently driven off the island again.
1372 – The first Ming dynasty envoy visits Okinawa, which had been divided into three kingdoms during the Sanzan period. Formal tributary relations with the Chinese Empire begin.^[2]
1416 – Chūzan, led by Shō Hashi, occupies Nakijin Castle, capital of Hokuzan.^[10]
1429 – Chūzan occupies Nanzan Castle, capital of Nanzan, unifying Okinawa Island. Shō Hashi moves the capital to Shuri Castle (now part of modern-day Naha).^[10]
1458 – Amawari's rebellion against the Kingdom.
1466 – Kikai Island invaded by Ryukyu.
1470 – Shō En (Kanemaru) establishes the Second Shō Dynasty.^[10]
1477 – Shō Shin, whose rule is called the "Great Days of Chūzan", ascends to the throne.^[10] Golden age of the kingdom.
1500 – Sakishima Islands annexed by Ryukyu.
1609 – (April 5) Daimyō (Lord) of Satsuma in southern Kyūshū invades the kingdom. King Shō Nei is captured.^[10]
1611 – In accordance with the peace treaty, Satsuma annexes the Amami and Tokara Islands; Kings of Ryukyu become vassals to the Lords of Satsuma.
1623 – Completion of Omoro Sōshi.
1650 – Completion of Chūzan Seikan.
1724 – Completion of Chūzan Seifu.
1745 – Completion of Kyūyō.
1846 – Dr. Bernard Jean Bettelheim (d. 1870), a British Protestant missionary serving with the Loochoo Naval Mission, arrives in Ryukyu Kingdom.^[10] He establishes the first foreign hospital on the island at the Naminoue Gokoku-ji Temple.
1852 – Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the US Navy visits the kingdom and establishes a coaling station in Naha.^[10]
1854 – Perry returns to Okinawa to sign the Loochoo Compact with the Ryukyuan government; Bettelheim leaves with Perry.
1866 – The last official mission from the Qing Empire visits the kingdom.
1872 – Emperor Meiji unilaterally declares King Shō Tai as the "Domain Head of Ryukyu Domain".
1874 – The last tributary envoy to China is dispatched from Naha. / Kaiser Wilhelm I erects a "friendship monument" on Miyako Island. / Japan invades Taiwan on behalf of Ryukyu.
1879 – Japan abolishes Ryukyu Domain and declares the creation of Okinawa Prefecture, formally annexing the islands.^[10] Shō Tai is forced to abdicate, but is granted the rank of marquis (侯爵, kōshaku) within the Meiji peerage system.^[11]

قائمة ملوك ريوكيو

Kings of Ryukyu Islands
Name	Chinese characters	Reign	Line or Dynasty
Shunten	舜天	1187–37	Tenson Lineage
Shunbajunki	舜馬順熈	1238–48	Tenson Lineage
Gihon	義本	1249–59	Tenson Lineage
Eiso	英祖	1260–99	Eiso Lineage
Taisei	大成	1300–08	Eiso Lineage
Eiji	英慈	1309–13	Eiso Lineage

Kings of Chūzan
Tamagusuku	玉城	1314–36	Eiso Lineage
Seii	西威	1337–54	Eiso Lineage
Satto	察度	1355–97	Satto Lineage
Bunei	武寧	1398–1406	Satto Lineage
Shō Shishō	尚思紹	1407–21	First Shō Dynasty
Shō Hashi	尚巴志	1422–29	First Shō Dynasty	as King of Chūzan

Kings of Ryukyu
Name	Chinese characters	Reign	Line or Dynasty	Notes
Shō Hashi	尚巴志	1429–39	First Shō Dynasty	as King of Ryukyu
Shō Chū	尚忠	1440–42	First Shō Dynasty
Shō Shitatsu	尚思達	1443–49	First Shō Dynasty
Shō Kinpuku	尚金福	1450–53	First Shō Dynasty
Shō Taikyū	尚泰久	1454–60	First Shō Dynasty
Shō Toku	尚徳	1461–69	First Shō Dynasty
Shō En	尚円	1470–76	Second Shō Dynasty	AKA Kanemaru Uchima
Shō Sen'i	尚宣威	1477	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Shin	尚真	1477–1526	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Sei	尚清	1527–55	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Gen	尚元	1556–72	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Ei	尚永	1573–86	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Nei	尚寧	1587–1620	Second Shō Dynasty	ruled during Satsuma invasion; first king to be Satsuma vassal
Shō Hō	尚豊	1621–40	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Ken	尚賢	1641–47	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Shitsu	尚質	1648–68	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Tei	尚貞	1669–1709	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Eki	尚益	1710–12	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Kei	尚敬	1713–51	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Boku	尚穆	1752–95	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō On	尚温	1796–1802	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Sei (r. 1803)	尚成	1803	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Kō	尚灝	1804–28	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Iku	尚育	1829–47	Second Shō Dynasty
Shō Tai	尚泰	1848 – March 11, 1879	Second Shō Dynasty	آخر ملوك ريوكيو (then Japanese Marquis 1884–1901)

في الثقافة الشعبية

In the videogame Europa Universalis IV there is an achievement called The Three Mountains, which is achieved by conquering the world as the Ryukyu Kingdom. It is considered to be one of the hardest in-game achievements, thought to be an impossible one for a long time, due to Ryukyu's limited resources and isolation.

انظر أيضاً

موقع جزر ريوكيو

Hokuzan, Chūzan, Nanzan

الملاحظات

^ بالرغم من أن ملك ريوكيو كان تابعاً لـ Satsuma Domain، إلا أن مملكة ريوكيو لم تُعتبر جزءاً من أي هان بسبب العلاقات التجارية مع الصين.

الهامش

التذييل

^ "Ryuukyuuan coins". Luke Roberts at the Department of History – University of California at Santa Barbara (in الإنجليزية). 24 October 2003. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
^ ^أ ^ب Matsuda 2001, p. 16.
^ Klaproth, Julius (1832) (in fr), San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes, https://books.google.com/books?id=jCNMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169 .
^ Kerr 1953, p. 366-367.
^ Matsuo, Kanenori Sakon (2005). The Secret Royal Martial Arts of Ryukyu, p. 40, في كتب گوگل.
^ Kerr 1953, p. 175.
^ Lin, Man-houng. "The Ryukyus and Taiwan in the East Asian Seas: A Longue Durée Perspective", Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. October 27, 2006, translated and abridged from Academia Sinica Weekly, No. 1084. August 24, 2006.
^ Goodenough, Ward H. Book Review: "George H. Kerr. Okinawa: the History of an Island People...", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May 1959, Vol. 323, No. 1, p. 165.
^ Kerr 1953, p. 381.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د Hamashita, Takeshi. Okinawa Nyūmon (沖縄入門, "Introduction to Okinawa"). Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 2000, pp. 207–13.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة papinot

المصادر

Kang, David C (2010), East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-23115318-8, OCLC 562768984, https://books.google.com/books?id=ydVymF_OrWEC ; ISBN 978-0-23152674-6.
Kerr, George H (1953), Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, OCLC 5455582, http://www.worldcat.org/title/ryukyu-kingdom-and-province-before-1945/oclc/5455582 .
Kerr, George H (1958), Okinawa: the History of an Island People, Rutland, VT: Charles Tuttle Co, OCLC 722356, http://www.worldcat.org/title/okinawa-the-history-of-an-island-people/oclc/722356?referer=br&ht=edition .
Matsuda, Mitsugu (2001), 'The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609–1872, Gushikawa: Yui Pub., ISBN 4-946539-16-6 , 283 pp.
Murai, Shōsuke (2008), "Introduction", Acta Asiatica (Tokyo: The Tōhō Gakkai (The Institute of Eastern Culture)) 95 .
Okamoto, Hiromichi (2008), "Foreign Policy and Maritime Trade in the Early Ming Period Focusing on the Ryukyu Kingdom", Acta Asiatica 95 .
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002), Japan Encyclopedia, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5, OCLC 48943301, https://books.google.com/books?id=UWY1JQAACAAJ .
Smits, Gregory (1999), Visions of Ryukyu: identity and ideology in early-modern thought and politics, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-8248-2037-1 , 213 pp.

وصلات خارجية

Brief History of the Uchinanchu (Okinawans), Uninanchu, http://www.uchinanchu.org/uchinanchu/history_of_uchinanchu.htm .
Okinawa Filming Guide Book 2014–2015, Okinawa Convention & Visitors Bureau (OCVBOkinawaFilmOffice), http://filmoffice.ocvb.or.jp/_pdf/okinawaguide_eng_la.pdf
Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties

26°12′N 127°41′E / 26.200°N 127.683°E / 26.200; 127.683

قالب:Monarchs of Ryukyu

الكلمات الدالة:

[2] بالرغم من أن ملك ريوكيو كان تابعاً لـ Satsuma Domain، إلا أن مملكة ريوكيو لم تُعتبر جزءاً من أي هان بسبب العلاقات التجارية مع الصين.

[1] "Ryuukyuuan coins". Luke Roberts at the Department of History – University of California at Santa Barbara (in الإنجليزية). 24 October 2003. Retrieved 1 June 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMatsuda200116-3] أ ^ب Matsuda 2001, p. 16.

[4] Klaproth, Julius (1832) (in fr), San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes, https://books.google.com/books?id=jCNMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169 .

[FOOTNOTEKerr1953366-367-5] Kerr 1953, p. 366-367.

[6] Matsuo, Kanenori Sakon (2005). The Secret Royal Martial Arts of Ryukyu, p. 40, في كتب گوگل.

[FOOTNOTEKerr1953175-7] Kerr 1953, p. 175.

[lin2006-8] Lin, Man-houng. "The Ryukyus and Taiwan in the East Asian Seas: A Longue Durée Perspective", Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. October 27, 2006, translated and abridged from Academia Sinica Weekly, No. 1084. August 24, 2006.

[9] Goodenough, Ward H. Book Review: "George H. Kerr. Okinawa: the History of an Island People...", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May 1959, Vol. 323, No. 1, p. 165.

[FOOTNOTEKerr1953381-10] Kerr 1953, p. 381.

[Hamashita-11] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث ^ج ^ح ^خ ^د Hamashita, Takeshi. Okinawa Nyūmon (沖縄入門, "Introduction to Okinawa"). Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 2000, pp. 207–13.

[papinot-12] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة papinot

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