شقراقية

(تم التحويل من Roller)

Rollers
Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
Indian roller from Maharashtra, India
التصنيف العلمي e
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها): Coraciidae
Genera

Coraciidae /kɒrəˈsaɪ.ᵻdiː/ is a family of Old World birds, which is known as rollers because of the aerial acrobatics some of these birds perform during courtship or territorial flights. Rollers resemble crows in size and build, and share the colourful appearance of kingfishers and bee-eaters, blues and pinkish or cinnamon browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but not the outer one.

They are mainly insect eaters, with Eurystomus species taking their prey on the wing, and those of the genus Coracias diving from a perch to catch food items from on the ground, like giant shrikes.

Although living rollers are birds of warm climates in the Old World, fossil records show that rollers were present in North America during the Eocene.[1] They are monogamous and nest in an unlined hole in a tree or in masonry, and lay 2–4 eggs in the tropics, 3–6 at higher latitudes. The eggs, which are white, hatch after 17–20 days, and the young remain in the nest for approximately another 30 days.

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Taxonomy and systematics

The roller family Coraciidae was introduced (as Coracinia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.[2][3] It is one of nine families in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the motmots, bee-eaters, todies, ground-rollers, cuckoo roller and three families of kingfishers.[4] Apart from the ground-rollers, these families do not appear to be particularly closely related to the rollers, and the Coraciiformes are therefore probably polyphyletic.[5][6] The Coraciiformes family gets its scientific name for Latin coracium, "like a raven", and the English name "roller" from the aerial acrobatics some of these birds perform during courtship or territorial flights.[7]

A molecular phylogenetic study by Ulf Johansson and collaborators published in 2018 found that the azure dollarbird (Eurystomus azureus) was nested in a clade containing subspecies of the Oriental dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis).[8]

Coraciidae

Eurystomus

 

 

 

Blue-throated roller – E. gularis

 
 

Broad-billed roller – E. glaucurus

 
 
 

 

Oriental dollarbird – E. orientalis orientalis

 
 

 

Azure dollarbird – E. azureus

 
 

 

Oriental dollarbird – E. orientalis pacificus

 
 

Oriental dollarbird – E. orientalis waigiouensis

 
 
 
 
 
 
Coracias

 

Blue-bellied roller – C. cyanogaster

 
 

 

 

Purple roller – C. naevius

 
 

Racket-tailed roller – C. spatulatus

 
 
 

 

 

Lilac-breasted roller – C. caudatus

 
 

 

Abyssinian roller – C. abyssinicus

 
 

European roller – C. garrulus

 
 
 
 

 

Indian roller – C. benghalensis

 
 

 

Indochinese roller – C. affinis

 
 

Purple-winged roller – C. temminckii

 
 
 
 
 
 

Genera

The roller family has two extant genera as follows:[9]

Image Genus Living Species
European Roller (Coracias garrulus) (16475688389).jpg Coracias Linnaeus, 1758
Broad-billed Roller, Ankarafantsika, Madagascar.jpg Eurystomus Vieillot, 1816

Description

Rollers can be identified as medium-sized birds with strong, slightly hooked beaks and stocky bodies, often with brightly colored plumage.[10] Rollers resemble crows in size and build, ranging from 25 to 27 centimetres (10–11 in) in length. They share the colourful appearance of kingfishers and bee-eaters, blues and pinkish or cinnamon browns predominating.[11] The rollers are similar in general morphology to their relatives in the order Coraciiformes, having large heads on short necks, bright plumage, weak feet and short legs. The two inner front toes are connected, but not the outer one.[11] The weakness of the feet and legs is reflected in their behaviour, rollers do not hop or move along perches and seldom use their feet other than for occasional lurching leaps along the ground pursuing escaping prey. The bill is robust, and is shorter yet broader in the genus Eurystomus, sometimes known as the broad-billed rollers. The broad-billed rollers have brightly coloured bills, whereas those of the Coracias (or true) rollers are black. Other differences between the two genera are in wing length; the more aerial Eurystomus rollers have longer wings (and shorter feet still) than the Coracias rollers, this reflects differences in their foraging ecology.[12] Their calls are "repeated short, gruff caws".[11]

Distribution and habitat

The rollers are found in warmer parts of the Old World. Africa has most species, and is believed to be where the family originated. This is supported by the fact that the related ground-rollers are found on Madagascar.[4] The European roller is completely migratory, breeding in Europe and wintering in Africa, and the dollarbird also leaves much of its breeding range in winter. Other species are sedentary or short-range migrants.[13] These are birds of open habitats with trees or other elevated perches from which to hunt.[14]

Behavior

Breeding

Rollers are noisy and aggressive when defending their nesting territories, which they patrol while displaying their striking plumage. Intruders are attacked with intimidating rolling dives.[4] They are monogamous and nest in an unlined hole in a tree or in masonry, and lay 2–4 eggs in the tropics, 3–6 at higher latitudes. The eggs, which are white, hatch after 17–20 days, and the young remain in the nest for approximately another 30 days.[7][11] Egg laying is staggered at one-day intervals so that if food is short only the older larger nestlings get fed. The chicks are naked, blind and helpless when they hatch.[4]

Feeding

Coracias rollers are watch-and-wait hunters. They sit in a tree or on a post before descending on their prey and carrying it back to a perch in the beak before dismembering it. They take a wide range of terrestrial invertebrates, and small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, rodents and young birds. They will take items avoided by many other birds, such as hairy caterpillars, insects with warning colouration and snakes.[14]

Eurystomus rollers hunt on the wing, swooping on flying beetles, crickets and other insects which are crushed by their broad deep beaks and eaten on the wing. The azure roller and dollarbird will hunt huge swarms of termites and flying ants which appear after thunderstorms. Tens or hundreds of these rollers may be attracted to large swarms.[14]

References

  1. ^ Clarke, Julia A.; D. T. Ksepka; N. A. Smith; M. A. Norell (2009). "Combined phylogenetic analysis of a new North American fossil species confirms widespread Eocene distribution for stem rollers (Aves, Coracii)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 586–611. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00550.x.
  2. ^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in الفرنسية). Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.
  3. ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 145, 252. hdl:2246/830.
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث Fry, Fry & Harris 1992, pp. 6–27.
  5. ^ Sibley, Charles G (1960). "The electrophoretic patterns of avian egg-white proteins as taxonomic characters". Ibis. 102 (2): 215–284. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07114.x.
  6. ^ Hackett, S. et al. (2008) "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history " Science 320 (5884) 1763–1768
  7. ^ أ ب Forshaw, J. & Kemp, A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 145–147. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  8. ^ Johansson, U. S.; Irestedt, M.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2018). "Phylogenetic relationships of rollers (Coraciidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and fifteen nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 126: 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.030. PMID 29631051. S2CID 5011292.
  9. ^ "Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  10. ^ Mayr, Gerald; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2000). "Rollers (Aves: Coraciiformes s.s.) from the Middle Eocene of Messel (Germany) and the Upper Eocene of the Quercy (France)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (3): 533–546. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0533:RACSSF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 56065258.
  11. ^ أ ب ت ث Fry, C. Hilary (2003). "Rollers". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 380–381. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
  12. ^ Fry, C. (2001). "Family Coraciidae (Rollers)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 6, Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 342–369. ISBN 978-84-87334-30-6.
  13. ^ Fry, Fry & Harris 1992, pp. 98–102.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Fry, Fry & Harris 1992, pp. 15–16.

Cited text

  • Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-8028-8.

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Roller.
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