پولي‌فيمس

(تم التحويل من Polyphemus)
پولي‌فيمس
Polyphemus
(باليونانية: Πολύφημος)
Guido Reni - Polyphemus - Google Art Project.jpg
The blinded Polyphemus seeks vengeance on Odysseus: Guido Reni's painting in the Capitoline Museums.
المجموعةCyclops
الموئلصقلية، إيطاليا

پولي‌فيمس (Polyphemus ؛ /ˌpɒlᵻˈfiːməs/; باليونانية: Πολύφημος Polyphēmos) هو عملاق بعين واحدة، ابن پوسايدون و ثوسا في الأساطير اليونانية, one of the Cyclopes described in Homer's Odyssey. His name means "abounding in songs and legends".[1] Polyphemus first appears as a savage man-eating giant in the ninth book of the Odyssey. Some later Classical writers link his name with the nymph Galatea and present him in a different light.

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أوديسيوس وپولي‌فيمس

Greek terracotta figurine, پولي‌فيمس يضجع ممسكاً بقدح شراب. أواخر القرن الخامس ق.م. إلى مطلع القرن الرابع ق.م.، Boeotia. متحف الفنون الجميلة، بوسطن.

الروايات الكلاسيكية

In Homer's epic, Odysseus lands on the island of the Cyclops during his journey home from the Trojan War and, together with some of his men, enters a cave filled with provisions. When the giant Polyphemus returns home with his flocks, he blocks the entrance with a great stone and, scoffing at the usual custom of hospitality, eats two of the men. Next morning, the giant kills and eats two more and leaves the cave to graze his sheep.

ثمل پولي‌فيمس، معاد تكوينه من villa of Tiberius at Sperlonga، القرن الأول الميلادي

After the giant returns in the evening and eats two more of the men, Odysseus offers Polyphemus some strong and undiluted wine given to him earlier on his journey. Drunk and unwary, the giant asks Odysseus his name, promising him a guest-gift if he answers. Odysseus tells him "Οὖτις", which means "nobody"[2] and Polyphemus promises to eat this "Nobody" last of all. With that, he falls into a drunken sleep. Odysseus had meanwhile hardened a wooden stake in the fire and drives it into Polyphemus' eye. When Polyphemus shouts for help from his fellow giants, saying that "Nobody" has hurt him, they think Polyphemus is being afflicted by divine power and recommend prayer as the answer.

In the morning, the blind Cyclops lets the sheep out to graze, feeling their backs to ensure that the men are not escaping. However, Odysseus and his men have tied themselves to the undersides of the animals and so get away. As he sails off with his men, Odysseus boastfully reveals his real name, an act of hubris that was to cause problems for him later. Polyphemus prays to his father, Poseidon, for revenge and casts huge rocks towards the ship, which Odysseus barely escapes.

The story reappears in later Classical literature. In Cyclops, the 5th century BC play by Euripides, a chorus of satyrs offers comic relief from the grisly story of how Polyphemus is punished for his impious behaviour in not respecting the rites of hospitality.[3] In his Latin epic, Virgil describes how Aeneas observes blind Polyphemus as he leads his flocks down to the sea. They have encountered Achaemenides, who re-tells the story of how Odysseus and his men escaped, leaving him behind. The giant is described as descending to the shore, using a "lopped pine tree" as a walking staff. Once Polyphemus reaches the sea, he washes his oozing, bloody eye socket and groans painfully. Achaemenides is taken aboard Aeneas’ vessel and they cast off with Polyphemus in chase. His great roar of frustration brings the rest of the Cyclopes down to the shore as Aeneas draws away in fear.[4]

Julien d'Huy speculates that the myth may be palaeolithic.[5] Elements of the story of Odysseus and Polyphemus are recognizable in the folklore of many other European groups. Wilhelm Grimm collected versions in Serbian, Romanian, Estonian, Finnish, Russian, and German.[6][7] Versions in Basque, Lappish, Lithuanian, Gascon, Syrian, and Celtic are also known.[7]

تمثيلات فنية

Amphora painting of Odysseus and his men blinding Polyphemus (Eleusis museum)

The vivid nature of the Polyphemus episode made it a favorite theme of ancient Greek painted pottery, on which the scenes most often illustrated are the blinding of the Cyclops and the ruse by which Odysseus and his men escape.[8] One such episode, on a vase featuring the hero carried beneath a sheep, was used on a 27 drachma Greek postage stamp in 1983.

پولي‌فيمس وگالاتيا

المقالة الرئيسية: Acis and Galatea (mythology)

روايات أدبية

Although there are some earlier references to the story of the love of Polyphemus for the sea-nymph Galatea and her preference for the human shepherd Acis, the best known source is a lost play by Philoxenus of Cythera, of which a few fragments and several accounts are left. Dating from about 400 BC, it links the love story to the arrival of Odysseus and, according to ancient sources, had a witty contemporary subtext. Philoxenos had supposedly had an affair with the mistress of Dionysius I of Syracuse and as a consequence was condemned to work in the stone quarries. Here he is supposed to have composed The Cyclops, with the tyrant cast in the role of the giant, while the successful lovers are the poet and his Galatea.[9]


Polyphemus receives a love-letter from Galatea, a 1st-century AD fresco from Pompeii

The happy ending to their story was well known in the centuries that followed and is attested in both literature and the arts. In the course of a 1st-century BC love elegy on the power of music, the Latin poet Propertius mentions as one example that "Even Galatea, it’s true, below wild Etna, wheeled her brine-wet horses, Polyphemus, to your songs."[10] The division of contrary elements, in other words, is brought into harmony.

That their conjunction was fruitful is brought out in a later Greek epic from the turn of the 5th century AD. In the course of his Dionysiaca, Nonnus gives an account of the wedding of Poseidon and Beroe, at which the Nereid "Galatea twangled a marriage dance and restlessly twirled in capering step, and she sang the marriage verses, for she had learnt well how to sing, being taught by Polyphemos with a shepherd’s syrinx."[11]

Offspring of Polyphemus and Galatea

In one of the murals rescued from the site of Pompeii, Polyphemus is pictured seated on a rock with a cithara (rather than a syrinx) by his side, holding out a hand to receive a love letter from Galatea, which is carried by a winged Cupid riding on a dolphin.

In another fresco, also dating from the 1st century AD, the two stand locked in a naked embrace (see below). From their union came the ancestors of various wild and war-like races. According to some accounts, the Celts (Galati in Latin, Γάλλοi in Greek) were descended from their son Galatos.[12] Other sources credit them with three children, Celtus, Illyrius and Galas, from whom descend the Celts, the Illyrians and the Gauls respectively.

A different story appears in Ovid's Metamorphoses.[nb 1] At its start, the treatment of the story is an extended paraphrase of the two idylls of Theocritus.[13] But in the final passage, Polyphemus spies on the love-making of Acis and Galatea and jealously crushes Acis with a rock. Galatea, who had fled into her native element, returns and changes her dead lover into the spirit of the Sicilian river Acis. It was this account which was to have the greatest impact in later ages.


النسخ الأوروپية اللاحقة

Polyphemus discovers Galatea and Acis, statues by Auguste Ottin in the Jardin du Luxembourg's Médici Fountain, 1866


الرسم والنحت

Odysseus and his men blinding Polyphemus, Laconian black-figure cup, 565–560 BC.
Polyphemus spies on the sleeping Galatea, Gustave Moreau (1880)


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التصوير الفني لپولي‌فيمس

پولي‌فيمس و أوديسيوس

  • The blinding, Boeotic black-figure skyphos; c. 500-490 BC

    The blinding, Boeotic black-figure skyphos; c. 500-490 BC

  • Flemish Jacob Jordaens' depiction of Odysseus escaping from the cave of Polyphemus (1635).

    Flemish Jacob Jordaens' depiction of Odysseus escaping from the cave of Polyphemus (1635).

  • Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein's 1802 head and shoulders portrait of the giant (Landesmuseum Oldenburg).

    Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein's 1802 head and shoulders portrait of the giant (Landesmuseum Oldenburg).

  • Arnold Bocklin's painting of Polyphemus standing on rocks onshore and swinging one of them back as the men row desperately over a surging wave.

    Arnold Bocklin's painting of Polyphemus standing on rocks onshore and swinging one of them back as the men row desperately over a surging wave.

پولي‌فيمس وگالاتيا و Acis

  • Polyphemus hears of the arrival of Galatea, Fourth Style, 45–79 AD

    Polyphemus hears of the arrival of Galatea, Fourth Style, 45–79 AD

  • Polyphemus and Galatea, Roman mosaic from 2nd Century AD.

    Polyphemus and Galatea, Roman mosaic from 2nd Century AD.

  • A fresco from 1st century AD depicting Polyphemus and Galatea in a naked embrace.

    A fresco from 1st century AD depicting Polyphemus and Galatea in a naked embrace.

  • A pastoral interpretation of the Acis and Galatea story is Nicholas Poussin's "Landscape with Polyphemus" (1649)

    A pastoral interpretation of the Acis and Galatea story is Nicholas Poussin's "Landscape with Polyphemus" (1649)

  • Poussin's 1630 painting of Acis and Galatea embracing in the foreground, shielded from view of Polyphemus, who is playing his flute higher up the slope.

    Poussin's 1630 painting of Acis and Galatea embracing in the foreground, shielded from view of Polyphemus, who is playing his flute higher up the slope.

  • Jean-Baptiste van Loo's contribution to "The Triumph of Galatea" series.

    Jean-Baptiste van Loo's contribution to "The Triumph of Galatea" series.

  • Polyphemus spies on Galatea through the wall of a sea grotto or emerges from a cliff to adore her sleeping figure.

    Polyphemus spies on Galatea through the wall of a sea grotto or emerges from a cliff to adore her sleeping figure.

انظر أيضاً

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Book XIII lines 738–897

المراجع

  1. ^ πολύ-φημος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  2. ^ οὔτις and Οὖτις, Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, on Perseus
  3. ^ Translation online
  4. ^ Aeneid Book 3, lines 588–691
  5. ^ Julien d'Huy, Polyphemus (Aa. Th. 1137) A phylogenetic reconstruction of a prehistoric tale, New Comparative Mythology, 1, 2013.
  6. ^ Grimm, Wilhelm (1857). Die Sage von Polyphem (in German). Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. pp. 1–30. Retrieved August 17, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ أ ب Pausanias (1898). Frazer, Sir James George (ed.). Pausanias's Description of Greece. Vol. 5. Macmillan. p. 344.
  8. ^ Klaus Junker, Interpreting the Images of Greek Myths: An Introduction, Cambridge University 2011, p. 80
  9. ^ The introduction to Ovid's Metamorphoses XIII, Cambridge University 2000, pp. 35–36
  10. ^ Elegies 3.2, online translation by A.S. Kline
  11. ^ Online translation by W.H.D. Rouse, Loeb 1942, 43, lines 390–93
  12. ^ David Rankins, "The Celts through Classical eyes” in The Celtic World, London 2012, chapter 3
  13. ^ A.H.F. Griffin, "Unrequited Love: Polyphemus and Galatea in Ovid's Metamorphoses", Greece & Rome Second Series, Vol. 30.2 1983

وصلات خارجية

أعمال فنية محددة مذكورة أعلاه

أوپرات وأفلام مذكورة أعلاه

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