مانجولي

مانجولي
مانجولي
Chinese name
الصينية التقليدية	滿洲里
الصينية المبسطة	满洲里
البريد	Manchouli
Hanyu Pinyin
النسخ
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Mǎnzhōulǐ
Wade–Giles	Man3-chou1-li3
Russian name
Russian	Маньчжурия

Manzhouli

满洲里市 • ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷᠬᠣᠲᠠ
Manzhouli 满洲里市 • ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷᠬᠣᠲᠠ
County-level & Sub-prefectural city
	Manzhouli city centre
	Manzhouli in Hulunbuir
	Manzhouli Location in Inner Mongolia
	الإحداثيات: 49°35′53″N 117°22′44″E / 49.598°N 117.379°E
Country	People's Republic of China
Region	Inner Mongolia
Prefecture-level city	Hulunbuir
المساحة
• الإجمالي	732٫4 كم² (282٫8 ميل²)
التعداد (2017)
• الإجمالي	212٬000
• الكثافة	290/km2 (750/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	021400
مفتاح الهاتف	0470
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.manzhouli.gov.cn

Manzhouli (صينية: 满洲里؛ پن‌ين: Mǎnzhōulǐ�; بالمنغولية: Манжуур хот; ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷᠬᠣᠲᠠ) is a sub-prefectural city located in Hulunbuir prefecture-level city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Located on the border with Russia, it is a major land port of entry. It has an area of 696.3 square kilometres (268.8 sq mi) and a population of almost 250,000 (in 2010).

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History

In ancient times the area was inhabited by the Donghu, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Mongols and Manchu. During the decline of China's last dynasty, the Russian Empire forced the Qing (1644–1912) to cede the Outer Manchurian territory in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun. That treaty effectively made the Argun River, which originates in this area, the border between China and Russia.

In 1901, the China Far East Railway was completed in accordance with the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty of 1896, linking Siberia, northeast China ("(Inner) Manchuria"), and the Russian Far East. A settlement then formed around Manchzhuriya Station, the first stop within Manchuria for Russians. It was the beginning of the modern city of Manzhouli and the name of Manzhouli came from Russian Манжули (Manzhuli).

In 1905, Manzhouli was designated a trading center, greatly boosting Manzhouli's growth. In 1908 the Manzhouli customs was set up. Under the Republic of China, Manzhouli (under the name Lubin [臚濱؛ Lúbīn؛ Lu²-pin¹�]) came under the jurisdiction of the province of Hsingan. In 1927, Manzhouli was designated as a city. Although with Hsingan and surrounding areas, Manzhouli came under Japanese control in 1931, and was part of the Empire of Manchuria from 1932 to 1945. It became part of Inner Mongolia under China from 1946.

In 1992, Manzhouli became one of the first land border cities opened up by the People's Republic of China. It has since experienced somewhat of a boom as a center of border trade between China and Russia.^[2] In 2017, the Manzhouli Stadium opened. The football stadium has a capacity of 20,153.

الجغرافيا والمناخ

Manzhouli (labeled as 臚濱 Lu-pin (Man-chou-li)) (1955)

Manzhouli is located in the western part of the Hulunbuir prefecture-level city. To the east, south and west it borders New Barghu Left Banner and New Barghu Right Banner, also in Hulunbuir, and Russia to the north, with which it shares a border 54 kilometres (34 mi) long. The Russian townlet of Zabaykalsk is situated immediately north of Abagaitu Islet and Manzhouli.

Manzhouli is located on the Hulunbuir grasslands. Lake Hulun to its immediate south is the PRC's fifth largest freshwater lake with an area of 2,600 square kilometers (1,000 sq mi) and an average depth of just 5 متر.

Manzhouli has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate that borders extremely closely on a semi-arid climate (Köppen Dwb/BSk), with temperatures in winter capable of plummeting below −40 °C (−40 °F). However, in each month there is more than 55% of possible sunshine, and over three-fourths of annual precipitation occurs from June to August.

Climate data for مانجولي (1981 - 2010 normals, extremes 1971 - 2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	−0.6 (30.9)	8.1 (46.6)	18.4 (65.1)	30.0 (86.0)	34.3 (93.7)	40.2 (104.4)	40.5 (104.9)	36.6 (97.9)	34.0 (93.2)	25.6 (78.1)	11.5 (52.7)	1.2 (34.2)	40.5 (104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−17.3 (0.9)	−11.5 (11.3)	−2.1 (28.2)	9.6 (49.3)	18.4 (65.1)	24.6 (76.3)	26.2 (79.2)	24.2 (75.6)	17.3 (63.1)	7.7 (45.9)	−5.3 (22.5)	−14.6 (5.7)	6.4 (43.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−23.2 (−9.8)	−18.8 (−1.8)	−9.3 (15.3)	2.5 (36.5)	11.4 (52.5)	18.1 (64.6)	20.3 (68.5)	17.9 (64.2)	10.2 (50.4)	0.6 (33.1)	−11.9 (10.6)	−20.2 (−4.4)	−0.2 (31.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−28.0 (−18.4)	−24.5 (−12.1)	−15.9 (3.4)	−4.6 (23.7)	3.4 (38.1)	10.8 (51.4)	14.1 (57.4)	11.8 (53.2)	3.8 (38.8)	−5.5 (22.1)	−17.0 (1.4)	−24.8 (−12.6)	−6.4 (20.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−43.8 (−46.8)	−42.5 (−44.5)	−34.0 (−29.2)	−21.6 (−6.9)	−11.6 (11.1)	−2.4 (27.7)	2.5 (36.5)	0.8 (33.4)	−9.5 (14.9)	−23.8 (−10.8)	−35.1 (−31.2)	−39.4 (−38.9)	−43.8 (−46.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	1.4 (0.06)	0.7 (0.03)	2.9 (0.11)	6.8 (0.27)	18.7 (0.74)	50.9 (2.00)	90.9 (3.58)	69.0 (2.72)	29.8 (1.17)	7.7 (0.30)	2.1 (0.08)	2.1 (0.08)	283.0 (11.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	1.8	1.7	2.7	3.5	5.3	10.8	13.9	12.1	8.1	3.6	2.8	3.6	69.9
Average relative humidity (%)	74	70	60	44	41	55	67	68	62	58	69	74	62
Mean daily sunshine hours	6	7	8	9	9	10	9	9	8	7	6	5	8
Percent possible sunshine	63	72	70	63	61	60	56	59	61	68	63	59	64
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration,^[3] Weather China (precipitation days 1971–2000)^[4]
Source 2: World Climate Guide (sun only)

Administration

Manzhouli is divided into ten subdistricts and one town. Six of the subdistricts of Manzhouli are grouped into Jalainur District. Technically however, only a prefecture-level city (half a level higher than Manzhouli) can have districts, so Jalainur District belongs to Hunlunbuir administratively though it is under Manzhouli's administration and covered in the statistics of Manzhouli.^[5]

Tourism

A replica of the Soviet monument The Motherland Calls

The border crossing with Russia is a tourist attraction. The Manzhouli China-Russia Border Tourist Area is a destination that brings together the border gate, a giant Matryoshka doll shaped hotel, and park filled with Matryoshka dolls. Other attractions within the scenic area are the No 41 Border Monument and the Locomotive Square.^[6] It has been rated as a AAAAA (5A) tourist attraction.

Manzhouli Ice & Snow Festival takes place every winter from some time in February to early March. This is a smaller version of the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival.

There is a replica of the Soviet World War II monument, The Motherland Calls.

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Economy

Manzhouli is China's busiest land port of entry, and is responsible for 60% of all imports from and exports to Eastern Europe.

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1990	137٬000	—
2004	160٬000	+16.8%
2007	163٬441	+2.2%
2010	249٬473	+52.6%
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.

Ninety-five percent of Manzhouli's population is Han Chinese. The remainder are Buryat, Russian, Mongol, Manchu, or of other ethnicities.

Media

Much of the plot of the 2018 film An Elephant Sitting Still revolves around a number of characters traveling to a circus in Manzhouli.

Transportation

Railway

Trains being loaded and unloaded just south of the Russian border. The Chinese 1٬435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) gauge changes here to the Russian 1٬524 mm (5 ft).

Trains from Beijing to Moscow on the Trans-Manchurian branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway pass through Manzhouli Railway Station. There are also tourist lines to Chita, Krasnokamensk, Irkutsk, and Ulan Ude.

A break of gauge multi-modal transshipment facility was completed in 2008 across the Russian border in Zabaikalsk.

Air

Manzhouli Xijiao Airport is located in the western part of the city. Passengers can fly to Beijing and Inner Mongolia's capital city Hohhot from the airport as well as the Russian city of Chita and the Mongolian capital city Ulaanbaatar via Choibalsan.^[7]