مجلس أدنى
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المجلس الأدنى (إنگليزية: lower house)، هو مجلس في الهيئات التشريعية ذات المجلسين، المجلس الأخر هو المجلس الأعلى.[1] على الرغم من موقعه الرسمي "تحت" المجلس الأعلى، في العديد من الهيئات التشريعية في جميع أنحاء العالم، أصبح مجلس الأدنى يمارس المزيد من السلطة أو يمارس نفوذاً سياسياً هاماً. عادةً ما يكون المجلس الأدنى هو الأكبر من بين المجلسين، مما يعني أن أعضائه أكثر عددًا.
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Common attributes
In comparison with the upper house, lower houses frequently display certain characteristics (though they vary per jurisdiction).
- Powers
- In a parliamentary system, the lower house;
- In the modern era, has much more power, usually based on restrictions against the upper house.
- Is able to override the upper house in some ways.
- Can vote a motion of no confidence against the government, as well as vote for or against any proposed candidate for head of government at the beginning of the parliamentary term.
- Exceptions are Australia, where the Senate has considerable power approximate to that of the House of Representatives, and Italy and Romania, where the Senate has exactly the same powers as the Chamber of Deputies.
- In a presidential system, the lower house:
- Debatably somewhat less, the lower house also has exclusive powers in some areas.
- Has the sole power to impeach the executive (the upper house then tries the impeachment).
- Typically initiates appropriation/supply-related legislation.
- Status of lower house
- Always elected directly, while the upper house may be elected directly, indirectly, or not elected at all.
- Its members may be elected with a different voting system to the upper house.
- Most populated administrative divisions are better represented than in the upper house; representation is usually proportional to population.
- Elected more frequently.
- Elected all at once, not by staggered terms.
- In a parliamentary system, can be dissolved by the executive.
- More members.
- Has total or initial control over budget, supply, and monetary laws.
- Lower age of candidacy than the upper house.
The government of the day is usually required to present its budget to the lower house, which must approve the budget. It is a widespread practice for revenue (appropriation) bills to originate in the lower house. A notable exception to this is the West Virginia House of Delegates in the United States, which allows revenue bills to originate from either house.[2]
Titles of lower houses
Many lower houses are named in manners such as these:
- Chamber of Deputies
- Chamber of Representatives
- House of Assembly
- House of Representatives
- House of Commons
- Lok Sabha (House of the People)
- House of Delegates
- Legislative Assembly
- National Assembly
انظر أيضاً
المصادر
- ^ Bicameralism (1997) by George Tsebelis.
- ^ "West Virginia Constitution". West Virginia Legislature. Retrieved 22 February 2021.