الاتحاد الفرنسي

(تم التحويل من French Union)
الاتحاد الفرنسي

Union française
1946–1958
Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
"Liberty, equality, brotherhood"
النشيد: La Marseillaise
العاصمةParis
اللغات الشائعةالفرنسية
الحقبة التاريخيةالحرب الباردة
October 27 1946
5 أكتوبر 1958
Currencyالفرنك الفرنسي
CFA franc
CFP franc
French Indochinese piastre
سبقها		 تلاها
Provisional Government of the French Republic
الامبراطورية الاستعمارية الفرنسية
French Community
مملكة لاوس
دولة ڤيتنام
North Vietnam
مملكة كمبوديا
غينيا الفرنسية

الاتحاد الفرنسي (فرنسية: Union française) was a political entity created by the French الجمهورية الرابعة ليحل محل النظام الاستعماري الفرنسي القديم، colloquially known as the "الامبراطورية الفرنسية" (Empire Français). وكان الانهاية الرسمية لوضع "السكان الأصليين" (indigène) للرعايا الفرنسيين في المناطق الاستعمارية.

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المكونات

الاتحاد الفرنسي كان يتكون من خمس مكونات:

  1. Metropolitan France, which included الجزائر الفرنسية.
  2. 'Old' colonies, notably those of the جزر الهند الغربية الفرنسية في الكاريبي التي أصبحت Overseas departments في 1946.
  3. 'New' colonies, renamed Overseas territories.
  4. محميات الهند الصينية الفرنسية. وكان من المتوقع أن محميات أخرى سوف تصبح جزءاً من الاتحاد الفرنسي، إلا أن حكام المغرب الفرنسي وتونس الفرنسية رفضوا أن يصبحوا أعضاء ولم ينضموا أبداً.[1]
  5. United Nations Trust Territories، مثل انتدابات الكاميرون الفرنسية وتوگولاند الفرنسية، خليفة عصبة الأمم.


التاريخ

The French Union was established by the French constitution of October 27, 1946 (الجمهورية الرابعة). Under it, it was said that there were no French colonies, but that metropolitan France, the overseas departments, and the overseas territories combined to create a single French Union, or just one France.[2]

The goal of this union was "assimilation of the overseas territories into a greater France, inhabited by French citizens, and blessed by French culture."[3] Whereas the British colonial system had local colonial governments which would eventually evolve into separate national governments; France wanted to create a single government under a single French state.[3]

This French Union had a President, a High Council and an Assembly. The President was the President of the Republic. The Assembly of the Union had membership from the Council of the Republic, from the National Assembly and from regional assemblies of the overseas territories and departments but ultimately had no power.[4] The High Council ultimately only met three times, first in 1951.[5] The Assembly was the only actually functioning institution that could manage legislation within the overseas territories.[3]

In reality, the colonial areas had representation but all power remained in the French Parliament and thus was centralized.[3] The colonies had local assemblies but these had only limited local power.[3] Instead, various natives of the overseas territories in metropolitan France grew into a group of elites, known as evolués.[3]

On January 31, 1956, hoping to having peace in Algiers, the system changed, abandoning assimilation in favor of autonomy, allowing territories to develop their own local government and to eventually gain their independence.[6] This would not succeed however and in 1958 the French Union was replaced by the French Community by Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic wherein France was now a federation of states with their own self-government.[7]

الانسحابات من الاتحاد الفرنسي

  • Cambodia withdrew on 25 September 1955.[8]
  • South Vietnam withdrew on 9 December 1955.[9]
  • Laos withdrew on 11 May 1957 by amending its constitution.[10]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ Charles-Robert Argeron, La décolonisation française, Armand Colin, Paris, 1994, p. 73.
  2. ^ Simpson, Alfred William Brian (2004). Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention. Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0199267898.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Simpson, Human Rights (2004), p. 286
  4. ^ Simpson, Human Rights (2004), p. 285-286
  5. ^ Simpson, Human Rights (2004), p. 286 fn. 33
  6. ^ Simpson, Human Rights (2004), p. 286-287
  7. ^ Simpson, Human Rights (2004), p. 287
  8. ^ [ Displaying Abstract ] (2012-04-30). "CAMBODIA SEVERS TIES WITH FRANCE - Declares Her Independence - Prince Norodom Takes the Post of Premier - Article - NYTimes.com". Select.nytimes.com.
  9. ^ "Pentagon Papers Part IV A 3" (PDF). 1954–1960. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ "Laos". Worldvisitguide.com.

للاستزادة

  • Cooper, Frederick. "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation." Critical Inquiry (2014) 40#4 pp: 466-478. in JSTOR
  • Simpson, Alfred William Brian. Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford University Press, 2004).
  • Smith, Tony. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization." Comparative Studies in Society and History (1978) 20#1 pp: 70-102. online
  • Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946-58." Journal of Contemporary History (1974): 217-247. in JSTOR
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