مؤسسة الدفاع عن الديمقراطيات

(تم التحويل من Foundation for Defense of Democracies)
مؤسسة الدفاع عن الديمقراطيات
Foundation for Defense of Democracies
Foundation for Defense of Democracies.svg
الاختصارFDD
التشكل2001; 23 years ago (2001
النوع501(c)(3) organization
13-4174402
الموقع
President
Clifford May
CEO
Mark Dubowitz
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.fdd.org

مؤسسة الدفاع عن الديمقراطيات (FDD) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit think tank and (since 2019) a registered lobbying organization based in Washington, D.C., United States.[1][2][3]

FDD publishes research on foreign policy and security issues, focusing on subjects such as nuclear-non proliferation, cyber threats, sanctions, illicit finance, and policy surrounding North Korea, Iran, Russia, the war in Afghanistan, and other areas of study.[4][5]

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التاريخ والمهمة

FDD was founded shortly after the September 11 attacks in 2001.[6] In the initial documents filed for tax-exempt status with the Internal Revenue Service, FDD's stated mission was to "provide education to enhance Israel's image in North America and the public's understanding of issues affecting Israeli-Arab relations".[7][تحقق من] Later documents described its mission as "to conduct research and provide education on international terrorism and related issues".[8]

On its website, FDD describes itself as "a nonpartisan 501(c)(3) research institute focusing on national security and foreign policy" that "conducts in-depth research, produces accurate and timely analyses, identifies illicit activities, and provides policy options – all with the aim of strengthening U.S. national security and reducing or eliminating threats posed by adversaries and enemies of the United States and other free nations."[6]

John Mearsheimer in 2007, Muhammad Idrees Ahmed in 2014, and Ofira Sekiktar in 2018 have described FDD as part of the Israel lobby in the United States.[9][10][11] Sima Vaknin-Gil, director general of Israel's Ministry of Strategic Affairs, had stated that the FDD works in conjunction with the Israeli government including the ministry.[12] Later documents described the mission as "to conduct research and provide education on international terrorism and related issues".[13]

On 15 November 2019, FDD officially registered as a lobby under Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995.[3]


التمويل

According to former U.S. ambassador Dennis Jett, FDD "offers hardly any information on where its money comes from and where it goes".[6]

2001–2004

Money contributed to the FDD during first decade of its activity, based on calculations made by Christopher Bail, expanded by 442%.[14]

In 2011, news website ThinkProgress published FDD's Form 990 documents[15] that revealed the source of FDD's funds between 2001 and 2004. Top donors included:

Other notable donors:

2008–2011

FDD's Schedule A documents filed by the end of the 2011 tax year, indicates that the organization from 2008 to 2011 was funded more than $20,000,000,[17] and the top three donors were:

2017

In 2018, AP reported that the United Arab Emirates has wired $2,500,000 to the FDD through Elliott Broidy and George Nader, to host a conference amidst Qatar diplomatic crisis about the country's role as a state-sponsor of terrorism.[18] FDD stated that it does not accept money from foreign governments, adding that "[a]s is our funding policy, we asked if his funding was connected to any foreign governments or if he had business contracts in the Gulf. He assured us that he did not".[18]

Adam Hanieh states that the FDD high-profile conference of 23 May 2017 was in line with UAE's policy at the time, which officially alleged that Qatar finances Islamist groups, adding that emails leaked shortly after show that UAE's Ambassador Yousef Al Otaiba had a "cosy relationship" with the FDD, and had reviewed the remarks made by Robert Gates at the convention.[19] The leaked emails revealed a extent of a backchannel cooperation built between FDD and the UAE.[20] Qatar appeared to be in compliance with the terms of the agreement for countering terrorism and not supporting extremists from its territory according to the report published by The Washington Post in February 2021. According to documents obtained by Al Arabiya published on July 10, 2017, Qatar had agreed to stop providing support to the Muslim Brotherhood, expelled non-citizen Brothers from Qatar, and would not shelter any persons from GCC countries to avoid undermining relations with the Gulf.[21]

غيرهم

Additionally, it is known that as of 2016, FDD has received donations from the following institutions:

الأنشطة

مشروع إيران

FDD and its CEO, Mark Dubowitz, have been sanctioned by Iran for advocating sanctions against Iran and working to end the Iranian nuclear deal.[26][27][28]

FDD's Iran Program is led by CEO Mark Dubowitz.[29][30][بحاجة لمصدر محايد]

In 2008, FDD founded the Iran Energy Project which "conducts extensive research on ways to deny the Iranian regime the profits of its energy sector".[31][بحاجة لمصدر محايد] The Wall Street Journal credited FDD with bringing "the idea of gasoline sanctions to political attention."[32] The organization pushed for sanctions against the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its use of Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) to perform transactions.[بحاجة لمصدر]

مشروع سوريا

For years, Syria has been a focus of FDD's research because of its alignment with Iran and support for organizations such as Hezbollah.[33] In 2012, as the Arab Spring spread to Syria, FDD launched "The Syria Project" to support “secular, liberal elements within the Syrian opposition and dissident communities” and “to analyze the changing situation and operational environment, and to identify the optimum policy options.”[34][بحاجة لمصدر محايد] In that effort, FDD facilitated a Skype call between dissidents and U.S. journalists in 2012.[35]

دورية الحرب الطويلة

المقالة الرئيسية: دورية الحرب الطويلة

The Long War Journal is an FDD project dedicated to reporting the Global War on Terror launched by the United States and its allies following the attacks of September 11, 2001. Under the direction of FDD senior fellows Bill Roggio and Thomas Joscelyn, this website covers stories about countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Iraq and follows the actions of al Qaeda and its affiliates.[36][بحاجة لمصدر محايد] According to the Columbia Journalism Review, "Roggio's greatest service, then, may be the way he picks up where the mainstream press leaves off, giving readers a simultaneously more specific and holistic understanding of the battlefield", but says that "...there have been times when Roggio has done himself a disservice by aligning with bloggers who are more about pushing a conservative agenda."[37]

When it was announced in October 2021 that President Joe Biden's top diplomat for Afghanistan, Zalmay Khalilzad, was stepping down, Bill Roggio of the FDD said, "It is about time he stopped stealing money from the US government. He shoulders a large amount of the blame for shilling for the Taliban."[38]


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المؤسسة الأوروبية للديمقراطية

المقالة الرئيسية: European Foundation for Democracy § Ties to the Foundation for Defense of Democracies

الأفراد

Clifford May, FDD's founder and current president

التنفيذيون

Former staff include:

  • Nir Boms (President)[7]

مجلس المديرين

As of 2005, members of FDD's board of directors were:

Advisors

The following people served as advisors to FDD as of 2005:

زملاء

انتقادات

Arun Kundnani, adjunct professor at New York University, in a review of FDD publication Homegrown Terrorists in the US and UK argues that as a work "typical of many in its approach and conclusions", it does not provide empirical evidence for assumptions it makes and neglects contradicting data as a result of an influence by politics of the publisher and funders, and bias in favor of knowledge claims.[41]

Lawrence Wilkerson has criticized FDD for "pushing falsehood" in support of waging wars.[42]

The International Relations Center features a report on the foundation on its "Right Web" website, a program of the think tank Institute for Policy Studies[43] which, according to its mission statement, seeks to "check the militaristic drift of the country". The report states that "although the FDD is an ardent critic of terrorism, it has not criticized actions taken by Israel against Palestinians that arguably fall into this category".[44]

The left-leaning political blog ThinkProgress has criticized FDD for "alarmist rhetoric and fear mongering",[16] for example in April 2002 when they aired a 30-second television ad campaign called "Suicide Strategy" that was described by critics as "conflating" Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat with the likes of Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein. As FDD explained it: "a militant Islamic terrorist who 'martyrs' himself by hijacking a plane and flying it into the World Trade Center"—referring to the September 11 attacks—"is no different from a militant Islamic terrorist who 'martyrs' himself by strapping explosives to his body and walking into a hotel"—i.e., Palestinian suicide attacks.

In 2017 Bari Weiss of the New York Times reported on dissent within the organization over the pro-Trump orientation it adopted following the 2016 elections, which included at least two employees leaving.[45]

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran has designated the Foundation for Defense of Democracies as a terrorist organization.[46][47]

In 2023, FDD, along with other US-based think tanks, was alleged of running a defamation campaign against the regional rivals of the UAE, including Iran, Qatar and Turkey. The organization was alleged of exploiting the Middle Eastern conflict through the media tactics and pushing the West against these countries. Along with FDD, its CEO Mark Dubowitz’s long-existing relations with the Emirates were also in question.[48] [49]

اتهامات بترويج رهاب الإسلام

Christopher A. Bail, professor of sociology, public policy and data science at Duke University, describes FDD as an "anti-Muslim fringe organization" that has tried to establish itself as a legitimate authority on Islam and terrorism by tactically using "ethnic experts" —i.e. pundits with Middle Eastern background who were not Muslim— because they advocate views contrary to the mainstream perspective of the Muslim community in the United States, but look like and talk like Muslims.[50]

Sarah Marusek, research fellow at University of Johannesburg, argues that FDD is one of the "key organizations peddling Islamophobia" in a "transatlantic network".[51] Farid Hafez, researcher at Universität Salzburg, asserts the same.[52]

المراجع

  1. ^ "Charity Navigator - IRS Data for Foundation for Defense of Democracies". Charity Navigator (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  2. ^ "Charity Navigator - Rating for Foundation for Defense of Democracies". Charity Navigator (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث Schaffer, Aaron; Pecquet, Julian (15 November 2019), Anti-Iran advocacy group FDD registers to lobby, https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/11/anti-iran-advocacy-group-fdd-registers-to-lobby.html, retrieved on 15 April 2020 
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  8. ^ Marusek, Sarah (2017), "Inventing terrorists: the nexus of intelligence and Islamophobia", Critical Studies on Terrorism 11 (1): 65–87, doi:10.1080/17539153.2017.1351597, http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/146149/8/The%20nexus%20of%20intelligence%20and%20Islamophobia.pdf 
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