مخروطيات الأسنان

مخروطيات الأسنان; Conodonts; Temporal range: 495–199.6 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Cambrian to Late Triassic
	Reconstruction of a Conodont
التصنيف العلمي
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها):	Conodonta
Groups
	Protoconodonta; Conodonta Paraconodonta; Euconodonta Panderodontida; Prioniodontida Prioniodinina; Ozarkodinina; ; ; ;
Synonyms
	†Conodontophorida;

Conodont elements from the Deer Valley Member of the Mauch Chunk Formation

مخروطيات الأسنان Conodonts، أشكال دقيقة تشبه الأسنان، مجهولة النسب، إلا أنه يعتقد أنها تشبه ثعبان الماء eel-like الفقاري، وهي من حفريات حقبة الحياة القديمة المهمة.^[1]

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الوصف

البيئة

التصنيف والسلالة

Craniata

Hagfish^{[Note 1]}

فقاريات

Hyperoartia

Lampreys

Conodonta

Paraconodontida

Proconodontida^{[Note 2]}

Euconodonta^{[Note 3]}

	Protopanderodontida

	Panderontida

Prioniodontida

Paracordylodus

Balognathidae

	Prioniodinida

	Ozarkodinida

Heterostracans, osteostracans and gnathostomes

العناصر

الهوامش

^ Here, the Hagfish are treated as a separate clade, as in Sweet and Donoghue's 2001 tree produced without cladistic analysis.^[2] However, it has been recognised by some ^[3] that the hagfish and lampreys may be closer to one another in their own clade, the Cyclostomata.
^ The clade Proconodontida is also known as Cavidonti.
^ Euconodonta is referred to as "Conodonti" by Sweet and Donoghue,^[2] although this is not widely used^{[original research?]}.

المصار

^ عبد الجليل هويدي، محمد أحمد هيكل (2004). أساسيات الجيولوجيا التاريخية. مكتبة الدار العربية للكتب.
^ ^أ ^ب Sweet, W. C (2001). "Conodonts: past, present, future". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1174. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1174:CPPF>2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Bourlat, S. J (2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida". Nature. 444 (7115): 85–88. doi:10.1038/nature05241. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17051155. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

قراءات للإستزادة

Aldridge, R. J.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Smith, M. P.; Clarkson, E. N. K.; Clark, N. D. L. (1993). "The anatomy of conodonts". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 340 (1294): 405–421. doi:10.1098/rstb.1993.0082.
Aldridge, R. J.; Purnell, M. A. (1996). "The conodont controversies". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 11 (11): 463–468. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10048-3. PMID 21237922.
Donoghue, P. C. J.; Forey, P. L.; Aldridge, R. J. (2000). "Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny". Biological Reviews. 75 (2): 191–251. doi:10.1017/S0006323199005472. PMID 10881388.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1985). "Reducing Riddles". In The Flamingo's Smile, 245-260. New York, W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-30375-6.
Janvier, P (1997). "Euconodonta". The tree of life web project, http://tolweb.org. Retrieved 2007-09-05. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
Sweet, Walter. The Conodonta.
Sweet, W. C.; Donoghue, P. C. J. (2001). "Conodonts: past, present and future". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1174–1184. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1174:CPPF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.

وصلات خارجية

Mark Purnell. "An oblique anterior view of a model of the apparatus of the Pennsylvanian conodont Idiognathodus".
""The Jaws That Catch": an Introduction to the Conodonta". Palæos. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
Jim Davison (2002-10-15). "Ordovician conodonts". Retrieved 2009-07-07.

[4] Here, the Hagfish are treated as a separate clade, as in Sweet and Donoghue's 2001 tree produced without cladistic analysis.^[2] However, it has been recognised by some ^[3] that the hagfish and lampreys may be closer to one another in their own clade, the Cyclostomata.

[5] The clade Proconodontida is also known as Cavidonti.

[6] Euconodonta is referred to as "Conodonti" by Sweet and Donoghue,^[2] although this is not widely used^{[original research?]}.

[1] عبد الجليل هويدي، محمد أحمد هيكل (2004). أساسيات الجيولوجيا التاريخية. مكتبة الدار العربية للكتب.

[sweet-2] أ ^ب Sweet, W. C (2001). "Conodonts: past, present, future". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1174. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1174:CPPF>2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[bourlat-3] Bourlat, S. J (2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida". Nature. 444 (7115): 85–88. doi:10.1038/nature05241. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17051155. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[1]

[Note 1]

[Note 2]

[Note 3]

[2]

[3]