ركلة للخلف

(تم التحويل من Bicycle kick)
لمعلومات عن حركة المصارع الاحترافية، انظر ضربات المصارعة الاحترافية#ركلة للخلف.
صورة لرجل يضرب الكرة في الهواء
المهاجم روبن مندوزا من المنتخب الأمريكي لكرة القدم، يقوم بركلة للخلف.

في كرة القدم، الركلة للخلف أو ركلة الدراجة (Bicycle kick)، أو الركلة فوق مستوى الرأس (overhead kick)، أو ركلة المقص (scissors kick)، هي ضربة بهلوانية يقوم فيها اللاعب بركل كرة وهي في الهواء نحو الخلف فوق مستوى رأسه. ويتم ذلك عن طريق رمي الجسم للخلف في الهواء، وقبل النزول إلى الأرض، يقوم بحركة مقص للساقين لجعل الساق التي تضرب الكرة أمام الأخرى.

في معظم اللغات، تُسمى المناورة إما باسم حركة الدوران أو حركة المقص التي تشبهها. إن تعقيدها وأدائها غير المعتاد في مباريات كرة القدم التنافسية يجعلها واحدة من أكثر مهارات كرة القدم شهرة.[A]

يمكن استخدام الركلات للخلف في حالة الدفاع لإبعاد الكرة عن مرمى الخصم أو الهجوم لضرب مرمى الخصم في محاولة لتسجيل هدف. الركلة للخلف هي مهارة كرة قدم متقدمة تشكل خطورة على اللاعبين عديمي الخبرة. وقد اقتصر أداؤها الناجح إلى حد كبير على اللاعبين الأكثر خبرة وقوة في تاريخ كرة القدم.

من المرجح أن يكون عمال موانئ المحيط الهادي في تشيلي وپيرو هم أول من نفذوا الركلات للخلف في مباريات كرة القدم، ربما في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. تطورت تقنيات متقدمة مثل الركلة المقصية من التعديلات التي أدخلها المهاجرون البريطانيون في أمريكا الجنوبية على أسلوب كرة القدم. قام لاعبا كرة القدم البرازيليان ليونيداس وپيليه بترويج هذه المهارة دولياً خلال القرن العشرين. منذ ذلك الحين اكتسبت الركلة للخلف جاذبية واسعة النطاق لدرجة أن الفيفا (الهيئة الحاكمة) اعتبرتها عام 2016 "أكثر مشاهد كرة القدم إثارة".

باعتبارها مهارة أيقونية، تشكل الركلات للخلف جزءاً هاماً من ثقافة كرة القدم. وعادةً ما يحظى أداء الركلة للخلف في مباراة الكرة القدم التنافسية، وخاصةً لتسجيل هدف، باهتمام واسع في وسائل الإعلام الرياضية. وقد ظهرت الركلات للخلف في أعمال فنية، مثل المنحوتات والأفلام والإعلانات والأدب. وقد أضافت الخلافات حول اختراع الحركة وتسميتها إلى استحسان الركلة في الثقافة الشعبية. كما تحظى المناورة بالإعجاب في رياضات الكرة المماثلة، وخاصةً في أشكال كرة القدم مثل كرة الصالات وكرة القدم الشاطئية.

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الاسم

مدافع ريال مدريد سرخيو راموس (باللَّون الأبيض) يقوم بضربة للخلف ضد منافسه أتلتيك بيلباو في إحدى مباريات الدوري الإسپاني عام 2010.


تُعرف الركلة للخلف في اللغة الإنگليزية بثلاثة أسماء، وهي ركلة الدراجة والركلة فوق مستوى الرأس وركلة المقص. يصف مُصطلح "ركلة الدراجة" حركة الساقين في أثناء وجودِ الجسم في الهواء، وهو ما يشبه دواسة الدراجة.[3] وتُسمى الحركة أيضاً "الضربة فوق مستوى الرأس"، والتي تُشير إلى ركل الكرة فوق الرأس،[4] أو "ركلة المقص"، لأنها تُشبه شفرتي المقص معاً.[5] يُميز بعض المؤلِّفين "ركلة المقص" على أنَّها مُشابهة لركلة الدراجة، لكنَّها تحدث بشكلٍ جانبي أو بزاوية،[6] ويعتبرُها مؤلِّفون آخرون الحركة نفسها.[7]

يعكسُ اسم الركلة في لغات أخرى غير الإنگليزية الإجراء المشابه. جمع الصحفي الرياضي أليخاندرو سيسترناس، من صحيفة إل مركوريو التشيلية، قائمةً بهذه الأسماء.[8] In most cases, they either refer to the kick's scissor-like motion, such as the French ciseaux retourné (returned scissor) and the Greek psalidaki, or to its bicycle-like action, such as the Portuguese pontapé de bicicleta.[8] In other languages, the nature of the action is described: German Fallrückzieher (falling backward kick), Polish przewrotka (overturn kick), Dutch omhaal (turnaround drag), and Italian rovesciata (reversed kick).[8]

Exceptions to these naming patterns are found in languages that designate the move by making reference to a location, such as the Norwegian brassespark (Brazilian kick).[8][9] This exception is most significant in Spanish, where a fierce controversy exists between Chile and Peru—as part of their historic sports rivalry—over the naming of the bicycle kick; Chileans and most Latin Americans know it as the chilena, while Peruvians call it the chalaca.[10][B] Regardless, the move is also known in Spanish by the less tendentious names of tijera and tijereta—both a reference to the manoeuvre's scissor-like motion.[16]


التنفيذ

Diagram of the different stages in a bicycle kick
The phases of the execution of a bicycle kick. R = right foot.

A bicycle kick's successful performance generally requires great skill and athleticism.[17] To perform a bicycle kick, the ball must be airborne so that the player can hit it while doing a backflip; the ball can either come in the air towards the player, such as from a cross, or the player can flick the ball up into the air.[18] The non-kicking leg should rise first to help propel the body up while the kicking leg makes the jump.[19] While making the leap, the body's back should move rearwards until it is parallel to the ground.[20] As the body reaches peak height, the kicking leg should snap toward the ball as the non-kicking leg is simultaneously brought down to increase the kick's power.[21] Vision should stay focused on the ball until the foot strikes it.[22] The arms should be used for balance and to diminish the impact from the fall.[5]

Bicycle kicks are generally done in two situations, one defensive and the other offensive. A defensive bicycle kick is done when a player facing their side's goal uses the action to clear the ball in the direction opposite their side's goalmouth. Sports historian Richard Witzig considers defensive bicycle kicks a desperate move requiring less aim than its offensive variety.[2] An offensive bicycle kick is used when a player has their back to the opposing goal and is near the goalmouth. According to Witzig, the offensive bicycle kick requires concentration and a good understanding of the ball's location.[2] Bicycle kicks can also be done in the midfield, but this is not recommended because safer and more accurate passes can be done in this zone.[2]

Two photographs of a bicycle kick execution
Peru winger Juan Carlos Oblitas scores with a bicycle kick against Chile at Estadio Alejandro Villanueva, during a 1975 Copa América match.

Crosses that precede an offensive bicycle kick are of dubious accuracy—German striker Klaus Fischer reportedly stated that most crosses prior to a bicycle kick are bad.[23] Moreover, performing a bicycle kick is dangerous, even when done correctly, as it may harm a startled participant in the field.[24] For this reason, Peruvian defender César González recommends that the player executing the bicycle kick have enough space to perform it.[25] For the player using the manoeuvre, the greatest danger happens during the drop; a bad fall can injure the head, back, or wrist.[26] Witzig recommends players attempting the move to land on their upper back, using their arms as support, and simultaneously rolling over to a side in order to diminish impact from the drop.[2]

Witzig recommends that footballers attempt executing a bicycle kick with a focused and determined state of mind.[2] The performer needs to maintain good form when executing the move, and must simultaneously exhibit exceptional accuracy and precision when striking the ball.[27] Brazilian forward Pelé, one of the sport's renowned players, also considered the manoeuvre difficult and recalled having scored from it only a few times out of his 1,283 career goals.[28] Due to the action's complexity, a successfully executed bicycle kick is notable and, according to sports journalist Elliott Turner, prone to awe audiences.[1] An inadequately-executed bicycle kick can also expose a player to ridicule.[29]

التاريخ

Football lore has numerous legends relating when and where the bicycle kick was first performed and who created it.[30][31][C] According to Brazilian anthropologist Antonio Jorge Soares, the bicycle kick's origin is important only as an example of how folklore is created.[32] Popular opinion continues to debate its exact origin, particularly in the locations where the manoeuvre was allegedly created (e.g., Brazil, Chile, and Peru).[33][34][D] Nevertheless, the available facts and dates tell a straightforward narrative, indicating that the bicycle kick's invention occurred in South America, during an era of innovation in association football tactics and skills.[8][30][38][39]

Snippet of an old newspaper
An excerpt from Peru's El Comercio reporting a match between إتش‌إم‌إس Amphion's crew and a united squad of Lima Cricket/Unión Cricket in 1904.[E]

British immigrants, attracted by South America's economic prospects, including the export of coffee from Brazil, hide and meat from Argentina, and guano from Peru, introduced football to the region during the 1800s.[42] These immigrant communities founded institutions, such as schools and sporting clubs, where activities mirrored those done in Britain—including the practice of football.[42] Football's practice had previously spread from Britain to continental Europe, principally Belgium, the Netherlands and Scandinavia, but the game had no innovations in these locations.[43] Matters developed differently in South America because, rather than simply imitate the immigrants' style of play—based more on the slower "Scottish passing game" than on the faster and rougher English football style—the South Americans contributed to the sport's growth by emphasizing the players' technical qualities.[44] By adapting the sport to their preferences, South American footballers mastered individual skills like the dribble, bending free kicks, and the bicycle kick.[45]

Bicycle kicks first occurred in the Pacific ports of Chile and Peru, possibly as early as in the late 1800s.[46] While their ships were docked, British mariners played football among themselves and with locals as a form of leisure; the sport's practice was embraced at the ports because its simple rules and equipment made it accessible to the general public.[47] Afro-Peruvian seaport workers may have first performed the bicycle kick during late 19th century matches with British sailors and railroad employees in Peru's chief seaport, where it received the name tiro de chalaca ('Callao strike').[46][48] The bicycle kick could also have been first performed in the 1910s by Ramón Unzaga, a Spanish-born Basque athlete who naturalized Chilean, at Chile's seaport of Talcahuano, there receiving the name chorera (alluding the local demonym).[46][49][F]

Photograph of a football match
David Arellano (center, white shirt), in a match between Colo-Colo and La Coruña in 1927, is credited with popularizing the move.

Chilean footballers spread the skill beyond west South America in the 1910s and 1920s.[30][46] In the South American Championship's first editions, Unzaga and fellow Chile defender Francisco Gatica amazed spectators with their bicycle kicks.[46][52][G] Chilean forward David Arellano also memorably performed the move and other risky manoeuvres during Colo-Colo's 1927 tour of Spain—his untimely death in that tour from an injury caused by one of his acrobatics is, according to Simpson and Hesse, "a grim warning about the perils of showboating".[46][51][57] Impressed by these bicycle kicks, aficionados from Spain and Argentina named it chilena, a reference to the players' nationality.[30][46] During the 1940s, Carlo Parola popularised the use of the bicycle kick in Italian football, earning the nickname Signor Rovesciata ("Mr. Overhead Kick").[58]

Brazilian forward Pelé rekindled the bicycle kick's international acclaim during the second half of the 20th century.[59][60] His capability to perform bicycle kicks with ease was one of the traits that made him stand out from other players early in his sports career, and it also boosted his self-confidence as a footballer.[61] After Pelé, Argentine midfielder Diego Maradona and Mexican forward Hugo Sánchez became notable performers of the bicycle kick during the last decades of the 20th century.[62] Other notable players to have performed the move during this period include Peruvian winger Juan Carlos Oblitas, who scored a bicycle kick goal in a 1975 Copa América match between Peru and Chile, and Welsh forward Mark Hughes, who scored from a bicycle kick in a World Cup qualification match played between Wales and Spain in 1985.[63]

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the bicycle kick continues to be a skill that is rarely executed successfully in football matches.[62] In 2016, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) named the bicycle kick as "football's most spectacular sight" and concluded that, despite its debatable origins and technical explanations, bicycle kicks "have punctuated the history of the game".[38]

الوضع الأيقوني

Photograph of a man who is about to kick a football
Atlético Madrid striker Diego Costa performing a bicycle kick in a match against Almería in 2013

The bicycle kick retains much appeal among fans and footballers; Hesse and Simpson highlight the positive impact a successful bicycle kick has on player notability, and the United States Soccer Federation describes it as an iconic embellishment of the sport.[64] According to former Manchester City defender Paul Lake, a notable bicycle kick performed by English left winger Dennis Tueart caused injuries to hundreds of fans who tried to emulate it.[65] In 2012, a fan poll from The Guardian awarded English forward Wayne Rooney's 2011 Manchester derby bicycle kick the title of best goal in the Premier League's history.[23] When Italian striker Mario Balotelli, during his youth development years, patterned his skills on those of Brazilian midfielder Ronaldinho and French midfielder Zinedine Zidane, he fixated on the bicycle kick. In 2015 against Liverpool, Juan Mata scored an iconic bicycle kick that secured the win for his team.[66] Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo's Champions League bicycle kick goal, in 2018, received widespread praise from fellow footballers, including English forward Peter Crouch, who tweeted "there is only a few of us who can do that", and Swedish forward Zlatan Ibrahimović, who challenged Ronaldo to "try it from 40 meters"—a reference to his FIFA Puskás Award-winning 2012 bicycle kick goal during an international friendly match between Sweden and England.[38][23][67] Gareth Bale's bicycle kick in the 2018 UEFA Champions League final against Liverpool is considered one of the best ever goals.[68][69][70][71]

Some of the most memorable bicycle kicks have been notably performed in the FIFA World Cup finals.[H] German striker Klaus Fischer scored from a bicycle kick in the Spain 1982 World Cup semi-finals match between West Germany and France, tying the score in overtime—the game then went into a penalty shootout, which the German team won.[73] Hesse and Simpson consider Fischer's action the World Cup's most outstanding bicycle kick.[23] In the Mexico 1986 World Cup, Mexican midfielder Manuel Negrete scored from a bicycle kick during the round of 16 match between Mexico and Bulgaria—although overshadowed by "The Goal of the Century" scored by Maradona in the quarter-finals match between Argentina and England,[74] Negrete's goal earned the "World Cup's greatest goal" title by a FIFA fan poll conducted in 2018.[75] Defender Marcelo Balboa's bicycle kick, in the 1994 FIFA World Cup match between Colombia and the United States, received much praise and is even credited with helping launch Major League Soccer in the United States.[76] In the Korea-Japan 2002 World Cup, Belgian attacking midfielder Marc Wilmots scored what English football writer Brian Glanville describes as a "spectacular bicycle kick" against Japan.[77] In the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Brazilian player Richarlison's bicycle kick goal against Serbia was considered one of the best goals of that tournament.[78]

Enzo Francescoli scores for River Plate against Poland with a bicycle kick in 1986

Bicycle kicks are also an important part of football culture. According to the United States Soccer Federation, Pelé's bicycle kick in the 1981 film Escape to Victory is a textbook execution of the skill,[62] and Pelé expressed satisfaction with his attempt to "show off" for the film in his autobiography.[72] A Google Doodle in September 2013, celebrating Leônidas da Silva's 100th birthday, prominently featured a bicycle kick performed by a stick figure representing the popular Brazilian forward.[79] Bicycle kicks have also been featured in advertisements such as a 2014 television commercial where Argentine forward Lionel Messi executes the manoeuvre to promote that year's FIFA football simulation video game.[80] In 2022, FIFA, through its official Twitter account in Spanish, rekindled the controversial origin of the bicycle kick asking users if the maneuver was a "chalaca" or a "chilena" (alluding to the dispute between Peruvians and Chileans).[81]

A monument to the bicycle kick executed by Ramón Unzaga was erected in Talcahuano, Chile, in 2014; created by sculptor María Angélica Echavarri, the statue is composed of copper and bronze and measures three meters in diameter.[33] A statue in honor of Manuel Negrete's bicycle kick is planned for the Coyoacán district of Mexico City.[82] The Uruguayan novelist Eduardo Galeano wrote about the bicycle kick in his book Soccer in Sun and Shadow, praising Unzaga as the inventor.[83] The Peruvian Nobel laureate writer Mario Vargas Llosa has the protagonist in The Time of the Hero's Spanish edition declare that the bicycle kick must have been invented in Callao, Peru.[31]

The manoeuvre is also admired in variants of association football, such as beach soccer and futsal.[33][84] In 2015, Italian beach soccer forward Gabriele Gori reportedly stated about the bicycle kick that "[i]t comes down to an awful lot of training".[38] An action like the bicycle kick is also used in sepak takraw, a sport whose objective is to kick a ball over a net and into the opposing team's side.[85]


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انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ Turner refers to the bicycle kick as "[t]he apex of wonder-goals",[1] and Witzig defines it as "the most spectacular—yet the most opportunistic and desperate—move that exists in soccer".[2]
  2. ^ Argentine sports journalist Jorge Barraza affirms that Peruvians never had a need to call the bicycle kick a chilenita because they had already given their own name to it.[11] In Brazilian football culture, the term chilena means a back heel (a reference to the spurs of Chilean design used in Southern Brazil).[12] In the Spanish newspaper El País, journalist Alberto Lati raised no objection to local names for the move.[13] Simpson and Hesse agree that the move's name should be a matter of personal opinion.[14] Roberto Castro wrote that the bicycle kick's alternate names are synonyms, with no one name definitive.[15]
  3. ^ Peruvian football journalist Roberto Castro wrote that it is inherently impossible to know for certain who made the first bicycle kick, as anyone playing with a ball could have done it without it being recorded.[15] According to journalist Diego Pérez, bicycle kicks are currently less common and their origins cloudier.[30]
  4. ^ In Goal: The New York Times Soccer Blog, journalist Juan Arango wrote that the bicycle kick's origin is a sensitive issue in Peru and Chile.[35] In 2006, Harold Mayne-Nicholls, president of the Football Federation of Chile (FFCh), poked gentle fun at Peruvian insistence on credit for the bicycle kick.[36] That year Mayne-Nicholls' Peruvian Football Federation (FPF) counterpart, Manuel Burga, announced a campaign to verify the bicycle kick's origin in his country.[36] Also in 2006, Peruvian footballer Teófilo Cubillas advised the FPF to patent the manoeuvre with FIFA,[37] and, in 2009, Chilean footballer Sandrino Castec expressed his belief that the Peruvian position was based on anti-Chilean sentiment.[8]
  5. ^ HMS Amphion arrived at Callao from Panama, and would proceed for repairs to Valparaiso, Chile.[40][41] The squad from Peru was composed of British and Peruvian footballers from the local clubs Unión Cricket and Lima Cricket—the latter possibly being the oldest club in the Americas that today plays association football.[40] The image reads: "The sight that we offer today to our readers was taken especially for El Comercio, in the moments in which was occurring in Santa Beatriz, this past Thursday, the most interesting part of the football match between sailors from the English warship Amphion and the Peruvian eleven that were victorious, as we had reported when we announced past Friday about this beautiful sports fest".
  6. ^ Unzaga's first bicycle kick occurred possibly in 1914 or in 1916.[50] Journalist Luis Osses Guíñez, the author of Talcahuano's football history, argues that Unzaga's first recorded bicycle kick occurred in 1918, as documented by a civil law notary report filed after a heated match between Talcahuano and neighbouring Concepción turned violent. Unzaga, described by Osses Guíñez as a hot-tempered Basque, fistfought a referee who called a foul on the player's bicycle kick.[51] Concepción's newspaper El Sur reported this event a few days after the match, and Unzaga declares in his defense that he had previously executed the manoeuvre in other matches without it being called a foul.[15]
  7. ^ Unzaga participated in the Argentina 1916 and Chile 1920 editions of the South American Championship;[53][54] Gatica participated in the tournament's Uruguay 1917 and Brazil 1919 editions. Gatica's usage of the move to stop an imminent goal garnered him so much attention that the audience credited him with the move's invention.[55][56]
  8. ^ In his autobiography, Pelé expressed regret for not having scored a goal from a bicycle kick in the FIFA World Cup.[72]

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Turner 2011, Ephemeral Goals & Eternal Glory.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Witzig 2006, p. 22.
  3. ^ Tyagi 2010, Football Terms.
  4. ^ Bischops & Gerards 2003, p. 88.
  5. ^ أ ب Schmidt 1997, p. 88.
  6. ^ See:
  7. ^ See:
  8. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Alejandro Cisternas (23 March 2009). "En Todas Partes Se Llama Chilena". El Mercurio (in الإسبانية). El Mercurio S.A.P. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  9. ^ Coppock 2001, p. 139.
  10. ^ See:
  11. ^ "A propósito de la 'Chalaca' ..." Peru.com (in الإسبانية). Empresa Editora El Comercio. 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  12. ^ Bellos 2014, p. 38.
  13. ^ Alberto Lati (29 June 2015). "De Pisco y Chalacas". El País (in الإسبانية). Ediciones El País, S.L. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  14. ^ Simpson & Hesse 2013, pp. 1-2.
  15. ^ أ ب ت Roberto Castro (11 October 2011). "El Huevo o La Gallina". Dechalaca.com (in الإسبانية). Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  16. ^ See:
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  18. ^ DK Publishing 2011, p. 98.
  19. ^ See:
  20. ^ O'Brien 2005, pp. 70–71.
  21. ^ See:
  22. ^ See:
  23. ^ أ ب ت ث Simpson & Hesse 2013, p. 3.
  24. ^ See:
  25. ^ Danilo Díaz (29 November 2006). "¿Quién inventó la chilena?". El Mercurio (in الإسبانية). El Mercurio S.A.P. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  26. ^ O'Brien 2005, How to Perform a Bicycle Kick.
  27. ^ See:
  28. ^ Simon Hattenstone (29 June 2013). "And God created Pele". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  29. ^ See:
  30. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Pérez, Diego (26 March 2008). "Genios: De Sudamerica Salieron Las Maravillas Del Fútbol". El País (in الإسبانية). Montevideo.
  31. ^ أ ب Simpson & Hesse 2013, p. 2.
  32. ^ Soares 2012, ch. 2.
  33. ^ أ ب ت ""Chilean", "Chalaca" or "Bicycle", a monument to football". CONMEBOL. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  34. ^ Natali 2007, p. 109.
  35. ^ Juan Arango (20 March 2013). "Peru, Chile and the War of the Pacific". Goal: The New York Times Soccer Blog. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  36. ^ أ ب AFP (2 December 2006). "¿Chilena o chalaca?". El Universo. Grupo El Universo. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  37. ^ "IPD resuelve hacer cumplir castigo a la FPF, pero en marzo del 2007". LaRepublica.pe (in الإسبانية). Grupo La República Digital. 30 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-10-08. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  38. ^ أ ب ت ث "The bicycle kick, football's most spectacular sight". FIFA.com. FIFA. 27 December 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  39. ^ See:
  40. ^ أ ب Miguel Villegas (10 February 2015). "Primera foto de fútbol publicada por El Comercio hace 110 años". El Comercio (in الإسبانية). Empresa Editora El Comercio. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  41. ^ قالب:Cite newspaper The Times
  42. ^ أ ب Wilson 2013, p. 21.
  43. ^ Wilson 2013, p. 22.
  44. ^ See:
  45. ^ Goldblatt 2008, p. 192.
  46. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Alejandro Millán Valencia (15 June 2015). "La Chilena, Lo Más Famoso Que Chile Le Ha Dado Al Fútbol". BBC Mundo (in الإسبانية). BBC World Service. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  47. ^ See:
  48. ^ See:
  49. ^ See:
  50. ^ See:
  51. ^ أ ب "El inventor de la chilena en la primera vez de la Roja". El Mercurio (in الإسبانية). El Mercurio S.A.P. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  52. ^ Quitián Roldán 2006, pp. 69, 272.
  53. ^ Martín Tabeira (10 August 2007). "South American Championship 1916". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  54. ^ Martín Tabeira (7 September 2007). "South American Championship 1920". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  55. ^ Martín Tabeira (10 August 2007). "South American Championship 1917". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  56. ^ Martín Tabeira (4 January 2013). "South American Championship 1919". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  57. ^ Simpson & Hesse 2013, p. 5.
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