معركة شبش
معركة شبش Battle of Karánsebes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
جزء من الحرب التركية النمساوية (1787-1791) | |||||||
![]() صورة (مرسومة في 1795) تبين القوات العثمانية تهبط إلى شبش | |||||||
| |||||||
المتحاربون | |||||||
![]() |
![]() | ||||||
القادة والزعماء | |||||||
السلطان عبد الحميد الأول خوجة يوسف پاشا | الامبراطور يوسف الثاني من هابسبورگ | ||||||
القوى | |||||||
100,000 | 125,000 | ||||||
الضحايا والخسائر | |||||||
لا خسائر |
10,000 قتيل وجريح نمساوي 50,000 أسير |
معركة شبش (رومانية: Caransebeş, تركية: Şebeş Savaşı؛ إنگليزية: Battle of Karánsebes) نشبت بسبب نيران صديقة في الجيش النمساوي، في ليلة 21-22 سبتمبر 1788، ضمن الحرب التركية النمساوية (1787-1791). ومن المستحيل التأكد منها، ودقتها التاريخية موضع شك.
الأحداث
أرسلت الإمبراطورية النمساوية بجيش نظامي وجيش هوسار لملاقاة الجيش العثماني الغازي. قامت مجموعة من كشافة الجيش النمساوي بالتقدم لإستطلاع موقف الجيش العثماني. في طريقهم وجدوا تجمع للغجر حيث يباع الخمر فجلسوا وسكروا حتي الثمالة. بعد قليل جاءت مجموعة من المشاة النمساويين للإنضمام لهم ويبدوا أنهم كانوا علي علم بهذا الموقع من قبل. الكشافة وهم في حالة سكر رفضوا إنضمام المشاة واتخذوا وضعاً دفاعياً. وفي خضم الجدال أطلق أحدهم طلقة. فرد الجيش الآخر بكلمة Halt أي توقف بالألمانية، فسمعها الجيش الأول على أنها كلمة "الله"، فتأكد اعتقادهم أنهم عثمانيين. فأعتقدت فرقة الكشافة السكاري أن الأتراك جاؤوا من خلفهم ففروا إلي الكتائب المتقدمة من الجيش بهلع. فظنت هذه الكتائب المتقدمة بدورهم أن العثمانيين هجموا! فبدأت كتائب المقدمة هذه في الهروب ناحية المعسكر الرئيسي. وكان الجيش النمساوي به جنود كثيرون يتحدثون الألمانية والصربية والكرواتية ولغات عديدة وكان كل منهم يصيح بلغة مختلفة، فظن المعسكر أن هؤلاء هم الأتراك يعصفون بالمعسكر ففتحوا النيران ونشب القتال وبدأ الكل في القتال وعمت الفوضي. واستمر قصف الجيشين النمساويين لبعضها البعض لمدة يومين وكل منهما يحسب أن الطرف الآخر هو الجيش العثماني. وما لبث أن هزم الجيش النمساوي نفسه وقتل في هذه المعركة أكثر من 10 آلاف وفر الباقون.
ثم بعد يومين، وصل الجيش العثماني بقيادة السلطان عبد الحميد الأول والصدر الأعظم خوجة يوسف پاشا، ليجدوا 10,000 قتيل من النمساويين، وقد أسروا 50,000 جندي نمساوي، حسب المصادر التركية.
وقبل وأثناء المعركة فقد النمساويون نحو 33,000 قتيلاً (بالاضافة إلى العشرة آلاف الذين قتلوا في يومي 17 و18 سبتمبر) عزوهم للأمراض والتناحر الداخلي.
وكانت تلك المعركة أكبر نصر أحرزه عبد الحميد الأول، إلا أنه مات بالسكتة القلبية قبل عودته إلى اسطنبول.
عدم تأكد تاريخي
Other sources include one from 1843, 60 years after the battle. This has made it difficult for some scholars to draw reliable sources and evidence for the detailed account of the battle.[1]
At a minimum, the mere fact of the Ottoman capture of the strategic location, without engaging the Austrians, and with Austrian losses reported in contemporary reports, does suggest some significant friendly fire incident by the Austrian forces.[بحاجة لمصدر]
The paucity of records on the incident, in turn, might reflect an attempt by the Austrians to hide embarrassing details, or at least a lack of eagerness to share them.[بحاجة لمصدر]
الرواية التقليدية
The traditional narrative of the battle likely contains some exaggerations and embellishments to fill in the gaps in the history.[بحاجة لمصدر]
The army of Austria, approximately 100,000 strong, was setting up camp around the town. The army's vanguard, a contingent of hussars, crossed the Timiș River to scout for the presence of the Ottoman army. There was no sign of the Ottoman forces, but the hussars came across a group of Romanian people, who offered to sell schnapps to the weary soldiers.
Soon afterwards, some infantry crossed the river. When they saw the party going on, the infantrymen demanded alcohol for themselves. The hussars refused to give them any of the schnapps and, still drunk, set up makeshift fortifications around the barrels. A heated argument ensued, and one soldier fired a shot.[2][3]
Immediately, the hussars and infantry engaged in combat with one another. During the conflict, some Romanian infantry began shouting, "Turcii! Turcii!" ("Turks! Turks!"). The hussars fled the scene, thinking that the Ottoman army's attack was imminent. Most of the infantry also ran away; the army comprised Austrians, Romanians, Serbs from the military frontier, Croats, and Italians from Lombardy, as well as other minorities, many of whom could not understand one another. While it is not clear which one of these groups did so, they gave the false warning without telling the others, who promptly fled. The situation was made worse when officers, in an attempt to restore order, shouted, "Halt! Halt!" which was misheard by soldiers with no knowledge of German as "Allah! Allah!".[4][5]
As the hussars fled through the camps, a corps commander, General of Artillery Colloredo, thought that it was a cavalry charge by the Ottoman army and ordered artillery fire. Meanwhile, the entire camp awoke to the sound of battle. The panic caused by the incident demoralised the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II to the point that he ordered the army to withdraw.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Two days later, the Ottoman army arrived. They discovered dead and wounded soldiers and easily took Karánsebes.[بحاجة لمصدر]
الخسائر
In determining losses, accounts of this incident do not distinguish between losses that were caused by friendly fire, those that were caused by the Turks, and those that resulted from pillaging by the Austrians or by the local Wallachians. One account states that the Austrian rear guard suffered 150 casualties.[6] Another account states that in the days following the incident, 1,000 wounded men were taken to the fortress at Arad, 60 km (37 mi) north of Timișoara.[7] Another source claims that 538 men, 24 jäger, and one officer went missing after the incident, but most returned to duty. Also lost were 3 cannons and the chest containing the army's payroll.[8] However, secondary sources give much larger estimates as to the losses of the Austrians.
In his account of the incident, Paul Bernard, author of a 1968 biography of the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, made an uncited claim that the friendly fire incident caused 10,000 casualties.[9][10] Although Bernard's account of the war has been dismissed as inaccurate by some sources,[11][12] they do not specifically touch upon the reliability of the figure of 10,000. Nevertheless, Bernard's claim of 10,000 casualties has been repeated by some historians, such as Geoffrey Regan[13] and Michael Clodfelter.[14]
Although tens of thousands of casualties occurred within the Austrians' ranks during the course of the 1788 campaign against the Turks, official Austrian reports state that the vast majority of the casualties were the result of disease, particularly malaria and dysentery.[15]
انظر أيضاً
- الحرب التركية النمساوية (1787-1791)
- جدعون، الذي قاد بني إسرائيل ليتسبب في حادث نيران صديقة في معسكر أهل مدين، حسب سفر القضاة.
- Operation Wikinger
- List of friendly fire incidents
الهامش
- ^ Connor, Martin (5 March 2017). "Battle of Karansebes - History is now". Historyisnowmagazine.com. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
- ^ "Zur Kriegsgeschichte" [On the history of the war], Real Zeitung (Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany), 7 October 1788, no. 80, pp. 723–729; see especially pp. 726–728.
- ^ "VI. Türkische Angriffe auf das Kaiserliche Lager. Action bey Slatina. Rückzug der Kaiserlichen Armee. Einnahme der Festung Choczim. Anderweitige Begebenheiten des Türkenkriegs." [VI. Turkish attacks against the Emperor's camp. Action near Slatina. Retreat of the Emperor's army. Taking of the fortress at Khotyn. Other events of the Turkish war.], Politisches Journal: nebst Anzeige von gelehrten und andern Sachen [Political Journal, including notices of scholarly and other works], 2 : 1052–1070 (1788); see especially pp. 1058–1059.
- ^ "Zur Kriegsgeschichte" [On the history of the war), Real Zeitung (Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany), 7 October 1788, no. 80, pp. 723–729; see especially pp. 726–728.
- ^ "III. Geschichte des Feldzugs 1788 der k.k. Hauptarmee gegen die Türken (Fortsetzung)" [III. History of the 1788 campaign of the imperial main army against the Turks (continuation)], Oestreichische militärische Zeitschrift [Austrian military journal], 4 : 58–70 (1831); see especially pp. 58–65.
- ^ Real Zeitung, 1788, p. 728.
- ^ Politisches Journal, 1788, p. 1059.
- ^ Gramm, 2008, p. 83.
- ^ Bernard, Paul, Joseph II (New York: Twayne, 1968), p. 137.
- ^ Mayer, 1997, p. 61 footnote 65.
- ^ Szabo, Franz A., "Paul Kaunitz and the Hungarian Diet of 1790–91", in: Kastner, Georg; Mindler-Steiner, Ursala; Wohnout, Helmut, eds., Auf der Suche nach Identität: Festschrift für Dieter Anton Binder (Vienna, Austria: Lit Verlag, 2015), p. 284, endnote 33: "Paul P. Bernard, 'Austria's last Turkish War', Austrian History Yearbook, 19–20 (1983–1984), pp. 15–31, contains major errors and is unreliable."
- ^ Gramm, 2008, p. 83 footnote 309.
- ^ Regan, Geoffrey, The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2000), p. 48.
- ^ Clodfelter, Michael (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4 ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 94. ISBN 9781476625850.
- ^ In "Geschichte des Feldzugs 1788 der k.k. Hauptarmee gegen die Türken. Zweiter Abschnitt" [History of the campaign in 1788 of the imperial and royal main army against the Turks. Second part], Oestreichische militärische Zeitschrift (in German), 3: 3–18 (1831); there are monthly reports of the number of men on sick leave during the campaign: by the end of May, 55 officers and 5,306 non-commissioned officers and enlisted men had been stricken with malaria (German: Wechselfieber) (see p. 7); by the end of June, 15,000 men had developed malaria or dysentery (German: Ruhr) (see p. 12); by the end of July, 20,000 men had been stricken with dysentery (see p. 18).
ببليوجرافيا
- Regan, Geoffrey (2000). The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-252-X. Relevant excerpt on Google Books.
- Durschmied, Erik (2000). The Hinge Factor: How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-515-8. Relevant excerpt on Google Books.
- Schlosser, F.C. (1843). History of the Eighteenth Century and of the Nineteenth Century till the Overthrow of the French Empire. Vol. 6. Translated by Davison, D. London, England: Chapman and Hall. p. 162.
- Gross-Hoffinger, Anton Johann (1847). Geschichte Josephs des Zweiten [History of Joseph the Second] (in الألمانية). Leipzig, Germany: Carl B. Lorck. pp. 292–294.
- Mayer, Matthew Z. (1997). Joseph II and the campaign of 1788 against the Ottoman Turks (Master's thesis). Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Joe McGill University. pp. 61–62.
- Gramm, Ernst Rainer (2008). Der unglückliche Mack: Aufsteig und Fall des Karl Mack von Leiberich [The misfortunate Mack: Rise and fall of Karl Mack von Leiberich] (PDF) (Doctoral thesis) (in الألمانية). Vienna University. pp. 82–84.
مصادر معاصرة للمعركة
- "Zur Kriegsgeschichte" (On the history of the war), Real Zeitung (Erlangen, Bavaria, (Germany)), 7 October 1788, no. 80, pp. 723–729; see especially pp. 726–728. (in German)
- "Aus dem Feldlager der Hauptarmee, bey Sakul, vom 23. Septr." (From the encampment of the main army, near Sacu, 23 September), Bayreuther Zeitungen (Bayreuth, Bavaria, (Germany)), no. 120, pp. 847–848 (7 October 1788). (in German)
- "VI. Türkische Angriffe auf das Kaiserliche Lager. Action bey Slatina. Rückzug der Kaiserlichen Armee. Einnahme der Festung Choczim. Anderweitige Begebenheiten des Türkenkriegs." (VI. Turkish attacks against the Emperor's camp. Action near Slatina. Retreat of the Emperor's army. Taking of the fortress at Khotyn. Other events of the Turkish war.), Politisches Journal: nebst Anzeige von gelehrten und andern Sachen (Political Journal, including notices of scholarly and other works), 2 : 1052–1070 (1788); see especially pp. 1058–1059. (in German)
- "Foreign Intelligence," The European Magazine and London Review, 14 : 308 (October 1788).
- "Du Quartier-Général de l’Armée principale, près de Sakul, le 23. Septembre." (From the encampment of the main army, near Sacu, 23 September), Supplement aux Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits [Supplement to: Extraordinary News from Various Places] (Leiden, Netherlands), no. 83, (14 October 1788). (in French)
- "Da Trieste 3. Ottobre. N.LVIII Supplemento Straodinario della Gazzetta di Vienna del 1. Ottobre" (From Trieste 3 October. no. 58 Special supplement to the Vienna Newspaper of 1 October), Notizie del mondo (Florence and Venice, (Italy)), no. 82, p. 654 (11 October 1788). (in Italian)
رواية
- "III. Geschichte des Feldzugs 1788 der k.k. Hauptarmee gegen die Türken (Fortsetzung)" (III. History of the 1788 campaign of the imperial main army against the Turks (continuation)), Oestreichische militärische Zeitschrift (Austrian military journal), 4 : 58–70 (1831); see especially pp. 58–65. (in German)
- Criste, Oskar, Kriege unter Kaiser Josef II. Nach den Feldakten und anderen authentischen Quellen bearbeitet in der kriegsgeschichtlichen Abteilung des k. und k. Kriegsarchivs [Wars under Emperor Joseph II. According to the campaign documents and other authentic sources, edited in the War History Department of the Imperial and Royal War Archives] (Vienna, Austria: L. W. Seidel & Sohn, 1904),"IX. Rückzug des kaiserlichen Heeres nach Lugos, September 1788." (IX. Retreat of the imperial army to Lugoj, September 1788.), pp. 301–308. (in German)
- Articles containing ألمانية-language text
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- Articles containing رومانية-language text
- Pages using Lang-xx templates
- Articles containing إنگليزية-language text
- Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023
- Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022
- Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
- CS1 الألمانية-language sources (de)
- Urban legends
- معارك النمسا
- نزاعات 1788
- أحداث نيران صديقة
- تاريخ ترانسلڤانيا (1683-1848)
- 1788 في النمسا
- 1788 in the Habsburg monarchy
- Austro-Turkish Wars
- Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
- 1788 in the Ottoman Empire