فيزياء المسرعات

فيزياء المسرعات Accelerator physics هي فرع من الفيزياء التطبيقية، يختص بتصميم وبناء وتشغيل مسرعات الجسيمات. ولذلك، يمكن وصفها بأنها دراسة حركة والتحكم ورصد آشعة جسيمات مشحونة النسبية وتفاعلهم مع بنى المسرع بواسطة مجالات كهرومغناطيسية.

كما أنها متعلقة بمجالات أخرى:

• هندسة الميكروويڤ (لتسريع/حرف البُنى في نطاق تردد الراديو).
• بصريات بتركيز على البصريات الهندسية (تركيز وانحناء شعاع) و فيزياء الليزر (تفاعل الليزر-جسيم).
• تقنية الحاسوب مع التركيز على معالجة الإشارات الرقمية؛ مثل التغيير التلقائي لشعاع الجسيمات.

التجارب المجراة بمعجلات الجسيمات لا تُعتبر جزءاً من فيزياء المسرعات، بل تنتمي (حسب أغراض التجارب) إلى مثلاً، فيزياء الجسيمات، فيزياء نووية، فيزياء المادة المكثفة أو فيزياء المواد. أنواع التجارب المجراة في منشأة مسرّع معين تحددها سمات شعاع الجسيمات المتولد مثل الطاقة المتوسطة، نوع الجسيم، الشدة والأبعاد.

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 تسريع وتفاعل الجسيمات مع بنى RF

انظر أيضاً: فجوة الميكروويڤ, Shunt impedance, Superconducting Radio Frequency, and Reciprocity (electromagnetism)

فجوة نيوبيوم فائق التوصيل لتسريع الجسيمات فائقة النسبية من مشروع تسلا.

While it is possible to accelerate charged particles using electrostatic fields, like in a Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier, this method has limits given by electrical breakdown at high voltages. Furthermore, due to electrostatic fields being conservative, the maximum voltage limits the kinetic energy that is applicable to the particles.

To circumvent this problem, linear particle accelerators operate using time-varying fields. To control this fields using hollow macroscopic structures through which the particles are passing (wavelength restrictions), the frequency of such acceleration fields is located in the radio frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The space around a particle beam is evacuated to prevent scattering with gas atoms, requiring it to be enclosed in a vacuum chamber (or beam pipe). Due to the strong electromagnetic fields that follow the beam, it is possible for it to interact with any electrical impedance in the walls of the beam pipe. This may be in the form of a resistive impedance (i.e., the finite resistivity of the beam pipe material) or an inductive/capacitive impedance (due to the geometric changes in the beam pipe's cross section).

These impedances will induce wakefields (a strong warping of the electromagnetic field of the beam) that can interact with later particles. Since this interaction may have negative effects, it is studied to determine its magnitude, and to determine any actions that may be taken to mitigate it.

 ديناميكا الشعاع

انظر أيضاً: شعاع جسيمات, Strong focusing, Beam emittance, and Radiation damping

A particle on the exact design trajectory (or design orbit) of the accelerator only experiences dipole field components, while particles with transverse position deviation $\scriptstyle x(s)$ are re-focused to the design orbit. For preliminary calculations, neglecting all fields components higher than quadrupolar, an inhomogenic Hill differential equation

${\frac {d^{2}}{ds^{2}}}\,x(s)+k(s)\,x(s)={\frac {1}{\rho }}\,{\frac {\Delta p}{p}}$

can be used as an approximation, with

a non-constant focusing force $\scriptstyle k(s)$, including strong focusing and weak focusing effects

the relative deviation from the design beam impulse $\scriptstyle \Delta p/p$

the trajectory radius of curvature $\scriptstyle \rho$, and

the design path length $\scriptstyle s$,

thus identifying the system as a parametric oscillator. Beam parameters for the accelerator can then be calculated using Ray transfer matrix analysis; e.g., a quadrupolar field is analogous to a lens in geometrical optics, having similar properties regarding beam focusing (but obeying Earnshaw's theorem).

The general equations of motion originate from relativistic Hamiltonian mechanics, in almost all cases using the Paraxial approximation. Even in the cases of strongly nonlinear magnetic fields, and without the paraxial approximation, a Lie transform may be used to construct an integrator with a high degree of accuracy.

 رموز النمذجة

انظر أيضاً: Accelerator Physics Codes, Geant4, and Methodical_Accelerator_Design

There are many different software packages available for modeling the different aspects of accelerator physics. One must model the elements that create the electric and magnetic fields, and then one must model the charged particle evolution within those fields. A popular code for beam dynamics, designed by CERN is MAD, or Methodical Accelerator Design.

 تشخيص الآشعة

A vital component of any accelerator are the diagnostic devices that allow various properties of the particle bunches to be measured.

A typical machine may use many different types of measurement device in order to measure different properties. These include (but are not limited to) Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) to measure the position of the bunch, screens (fluorescent screens, Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) devices) to image the profile of the bunch, wire-scanners to measure its cross-section, and toroids or ICTs to measure the bunch charge (i.e., the number of particles per bunch).

While many of these devices rely on well understood technology, designing a device capable of measuring a beam for a particular machine is a complex task requiring much expertise. Not only is a full understanding of the physics of the operation of the device necessary, but it is also necessary to ensure that the device is capable of measuring the expected parameters of the machine under consideration.

Success of the full range of beam diagnostics often underpins the success of the machine as a whole.

 Machine tolerances

Errors in the alignment of components, field strength, etc., are inevitable in machines of this scale, so it is important to consider the tolerances under which a machine may operate.

Engineers will provide the physicists with expected tolerances for the alignment and manufacture of each component to allow full physics simulations of the expected behaviour of the machine under these conditions. In many cases it will be found that the performance is degraded to an unacceptable level, requiring either re-engineering of the components, or the invention of algorithms that allow the machine performance to be 'tuned' back to the design level.

This may require many simulations of different error conditions in order to determine the relative success of each tuning algorithm, and to allow recommendations for the collection of algorithms to be deployed on the real machine.

 انظر أيضاً

• مسرع جسيمات
• Significant publications for accelerator physics
• Category:Accelerator physics
• تصنيف:فيزيائيو المسرعات
• Category:Particle accelerators

 الهامش

• Schopper, Herwig F. (1993). Advances of accelerator physics and technologies. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-0957-6. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
• Wiedemann, Helmut (1995). Particle accelerator physics 2. Nonlinear and higher-order beam dynamics. Springer. ISBN 0-387-57564-2. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
• Lee, Shyh-Yuan (2004). Accelerator physics (2nd ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-256-200-5.
• Chao, Alex W.; Tigner, Maury, eds. (2013). Handbook of accelerator physics and engineering (2nd ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4417-17-4.
• Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2014). Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology Volume 6. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4583-24-4.
• Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2013). Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology Volume 5. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4449-94-6.
• Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2012). Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology Volume 4. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-438-398-1.

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 وصلات خارجية

• UCB/LBL Beam Physics site
• BNL page on The Alternating Gradient Concept