برنامج ڤنيرا

Location of Soviet Venus landers

Venera 11 lander

Venera 7 lander

برنامج فينيرا Venera هو سلسلة من السوابر الفضائيةالروسية أطلقها الإتحاد السوفيتى سابقا لدراسة كوكب الزهرة إما لتدور حول الكوكب أو لتهبط فوق سطحه.

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 الإطلاق

فى شباط - فبراير 1961م اطلق فينيرا 1 أول سابر فضائي يتجه الى كوكب الزهرة ووصل الى مسافة 62,000 ميل عن الكوكب وفى شباط سنة 1966م وصل فينيرا 2 الى مسافة 15,000 ميل عن الكوكب وفى آذار _ مارس 1966م دخل فينيرا 3 الغلاف الجوي الزهري. ومن السوابر الستة عشر التى اطلقت ذهبت ستة منها ضحية الحرارة والضغط الشديدين قبل أن ينجح فينيرا 9 في إرسال الصور الأولي لسطح الكوكب الى الأرض وقد أرسل فينيرا 13 الصورة الملونة الأولى . وهناك معلومات جمة عن كوكب الزهرة قدمها عدد آخر من سوابر فينيرا الاخرى.

 بيانات جميع بعثات فينيرا

Name	Mission	Launch	Results	Orbiter or probe (flyby, atmospheric)	Lander
1VA (proto-Venera)	Flyby	February 4, 1961	Failed to leave earth orbit		n/a
Venera 1	Flyby	February 12, 1961	Communications lost en route to Venus		n/a
Sputnik 19	Atmospheric Probe	August 25, 1962	Escape stage failed; Re-entered three days later		n/a
Sputnik 20	Atmospheric Probe	September 1, 1962	Escape stage failed; Re-entered five days later		n/a
Sputnik 21	Flyby	September 12, 1962	Third stage exploded; Spacecraft destroyed		n/a
Venera 1964A	Flyby	February 19, 1964	Did not reach parking orbit		n/a
Cosmos 27	Flyby	March 27, 1964	Escape stage failed		n/a
Venera 2	Flyby	November 12, 1965	Communications lost just before arrival		n/a
Venera 3	Atmospheric Probe	November 16, 1965	Communications lost just before atmospheric entry. This was the first manmade object to land on another planet on March 1966 (crash). Probable landing region: -20º to 20º N, 60º to 80º E.		n/a
Cosmos 96	Atmospheric Probe	November 23, 1965	Failed to leave Earth orbit, and reentered the atmosphere. Believed by some researchers to have crashed near Kecksburg, Pennsylvania on December 9, 1965, an event which became known as the "Kecksburg Incident" among UFO researchers. All Soviet spacecraft that never left Earth orbit were customarily renamed "Kosmos" regardless of the craft's intended mission.		n/a
Venera 1965A	Flyby	November 26, 1965	Launcher failed		n/a
Venera 4	Atmospheric Probe	June 12, 1967	Arrived October 18, 1967 and was the first probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and return data. Although it did not transmit from the surface, this was the first interplanetary broadcast of any probe. Landed somewhere near latitude 19° N, longitude 38° E.	n/a	n/a
Cosmos 167	Atmospheric Probe	June 17, 1967	Escape stage failed; Re-entered eight days later		n/a
Venera 5	Atmospheric Probe	January 5, 1969	Arrived May 16, 1969 and successfully returned atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure within 26 kilometres (16 mi) of the surface. Landed at 3° S, 18° E.		n/a
Venera 6	Atmospheric Probe	January 10, 1969	Arrived May 17, 1969 and successfully returned atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure within 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) of the surface. Landed at 5° S, 23° E.		n/a
Venera 7	Lander	August 17, 1970	Arrived December 15, 1970, was the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet and survived for 23 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure. This was the first broadcast from another planet's surface. Landed at 5° S, 351° E.
Cosmos 359	Lander	August 22, 1970	Escape stage failed; Ended up in an elliptical Earth orbit
Venera 8	Lander	March 27, 1972	Arrived July 22, 1972 and survived for 50 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure. Landed within a 150 kilometres (93 mi) radius of 10.70° S, 335.25° E.
Cosmos 482	Probe	March 31, 1972	Escape stage exploded during Trans-Venus injection; Some pieces re-entered and others remained in Earth orbit	n/a
Venera 9	Orbiter and Lander	June 8, 1975	Arrived October 22, 1975, sent back the first (black and white) images of Venus' surface while the lander survived 53 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure. Landed within a 150 kilometres (93 mi) radius of 31.01° N, 291.64° E.
Venera 10	Orbiter and Lander	June 14, 1975	Arrived October 25, 1975, the lander surviving 65 minutes before succumbing to the heat and pressure. Landed within a 150 kilometres (93 mi) radius of 15.42° N, 291.51° E.
Venera 11	Flyby and Lander	September 9, 1978	Arrived December 25, 1978, the lander survived for 95 minutes; however the imaging systems had failed. Landed at 14° S 299° E.
Venera 12	Flyby and Lander	September 14, 1978	Arrived December 21, 1978, the lander surviving for 110 minutes and recorded what is thought to be lightning. Landed at 7° S 294° E.
Venera 13	Flyby and Lander	October 30, 1981	Arrived March 1, 1982, returned the first colour images of Venus' surface and discovered leucite basalt in a soil sample using a spectrometer. Landed at 7.5° S, 303° E
Venera 14	Flyby and Lander	November 14, 1981	Arrived March 5, 1982, a soil sample revealed tholeiitic basalt (similar to that found on Earth's mid-ocean ridges). Landed at 13.25° S, 310° E.
Venera 15	Orbiter	June 2, 1983	Arrived October 10, 1983 and mapped (along with Venera 16) the northern hemisphere down to 30 degrees from North (resolution 1-2 km)		n/a
Venera 16	Orbiter	June 7, 1983	Arrived October 14, 1983 and mapped (along with Venera 15) the northern hemisphere down to 30 degrees from North (resolution 1-2 km)		n/a

 أنظر ايضا

• كوكب الزهرة
• Pioneer Venus
• Vega program
• Vega 1
• Vega 2
• Astron (spacecraft) - a space observatory derived from the Venera bus
• Venera-D - First post-Soviet Venus probe (to be launched in 2016)

 المصادر

• مؤمن, عبد الأمير (2006). قاموس دار العلم الفلكي. بيروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملايين. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |طبعة أولى coauthors= (help)

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 وصلات خارجية

• Venera Program Page by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Soviet Venus images
• Venera 9, 10, 13, and 14 images of the surface of Venus
• The Soviets and Venus, Part 1 of 3, by Larry Klaes
• The Soviets and Venus, Part 2 of 3, by Larry Klaes
• The Soviets and Venus, Part 3 of 3, by Larry Klaes