Principia Mathematica
پرنسيپيا ماثماتيكا Principia Mathematica، هو كتاب من ثلاثة مجلدات، كتبه ألفريد نورث وايتهيد وبترراند روسل ونشر في 1910، 1912، و1913. في عام 1927 ظهر إصدار آخر بمقدمة للإصدار الثاني وملحق أ ليحل محل *9، وملحق ج.
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مقتطفات
- "From this proposition it will follow, when arithmetical addition has been defined, that 1+1=2." - Volume I, 1st edition, page 379 (page 362 in 2nd edition; page 360 in abridged version).
- The proof is actually completed in Volume II, 1st edition, page 86, accompanied by the comment, "The above proposition is occasionally useful."
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
المصادر
الرئيسية:
- Whitehead, Alfred North, and Bertrand Russell. Principia Mathematica, 3 vols, Cambridge University Press, 1910, 1912, and 1913. Second edition, 1925 (Vol. 1), 1927 (Vols 2, 3). Abridged as Principia Mathematica to *56, Cambridge University Press, 1962.
الثانوية:
- Stephen Kleene 1952 Introduction to Meta-Mathematics, 6th Reprint, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam NY, ISBN 0 7204 21039.
- Ivor Grattan-Guinness (2000) The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940, Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J., ISBN 0-691-05857-1 (alk. paper).
- Ludwig Wittgenstein 2009 Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings, HarperrCollins, NY, NY, ISBN 978-0-06-155024-9. In particular:
- Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Vienna 1918, original publication in German).
- Jean van Heijenoort editor 1967 From Frege to Gödel: A Source book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931, 3rd printing, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.)
وصلات خارجية
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
- Principia Mathematica -- by A. D. Irvine.
- The Notation in Principia Mathematica -- by Bernard Linsky.
- Principia Mathematica online (University of Michigan Historical Math Collection):
- Proposition *54.43 in a more modern notation (Metamath)