يوحنن بار نفحا

العصور الرِبـّيـة
See Johanan (name) for more rabbis by this name.

Johanan bar Nappaha (بالعبرية: יוחנן בר נפחא‎ Yoḥanan bar Nafḥa; alt. sp. Napaḥa) (also known simply as Rabbi Yochanan, or as Johanan bar Nafcha) (lived 180-279 CE)[1] was a leading rabbi in the early era of the Talmud. He belonged to the second generation of amoraim.

Johanan's opinion is quoted thousands of times across the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds. The compilation of the Jerusalem Talmud is generally ascribed to him.[2][3][4]

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الاسم

He is generally cited as "Johanan," but sometimes by his cognomen only,[5] which he himself uses once;[6] but he is never cited by both together.

Opinions vary on whether "bar Nappaha" (literally "son [of the] blacksmith") derives from his father's profession, from the name of his ancestral region, or perhaps represents a physical or psychological quality.


السيرة

السنوات المبكرة

Johanan's early years were spent in Sepphoris in the Roman-ruled Galilee (then part of Syria Palaestina province).[7] He traced his descent from the tribe of Joseph.[8] His father, a blacksmith, died prior to his birth, and his mother died soon after; he was raised by his grandfather in Sepphoris.

Judah ha-Nasi took the boy under his wing and taught him Torah. Due to the disparity in ages, though — Johanan was only fifteen years old when Judah died — Johanan was not one of Judah's prime students; rather, he studied more under Judah's students. It is said that initially he sat seventeen rows behind Abba Arikha in the school taught by Judah, and could not comprehend the discussions.[9] In later life, Johanan recalled teachings that he had gleaned from the early Sages who moved to Usha.[10] Hanina bar Hama taught him homiletic Bible interpretation—except of the books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes[11]—and probably medicine, in which he became skilled.[12]

He studied Torah diligently all his life, even selling a field house and an olive shed that he had inherited from his parents in order to be able to devote his time to study.[13] As he expressed it, he exchanged the things that God created in six days for the things the delivery of which required forty days.[14] After that was spent, he lived a life of poverty. For some time, he was compelled to work to support himself. But soon he felt impelled to return to his school, where he earned, not without a struggle, the encomiums of his masters.[15] At last, owing to the universal homage paid to him, the patriarch accorded him a pension, and soon a lecturer's place was found for him.

Leadership

In Sepphoris, Johanan quickly became popular for his lectures, with crowds flocking to hear him.[11] However, Johanan moved to Tiberias at some point before Hanina's death. The two had disagreed on two points of ritual, and Johanan, not wishing to oppose his master at his home, decided to move.[16][17] It is doubtful whether they ever met again. However, Johanan maintained close relations with his other teachers to the end of their days. This was particularly the case with Hoshaiah Rabbah. He, too, moved from Sepphoris to Caesarea, where he opened a college and whither Johanan often went from Tiberias to consult him on difficult problems.[18] Johanan continued these visits during the last 13 years of Hoshaiah's life, but they were merely social visits, Johanan no longer needing Hoshaiah's help: "He that pays his respects to his teacher is considered as one waiting on the Divine Presence".[19]

Rabbi Johanan was sitting [and] reading in the synagogue of the Babylonians in Sepphoris. There passed in front of him a governor [with the rank of] Minister, but he (R. Johanan) did not stand up before him. They sought to have him beaten. He (the governor) said to them: 'Leave him alone. He was busy in what concerns the law (custom) of his Creator'.[20]

In the 3rd-century CE, Johanan officiated in the synagogue of Maon and was called to render a decision in the case of a ritual slaughterer (shochet) who had improperly slaughtered a chicken and whether or not he was to be held liable on that account.[21] Johanan opened an academy in Tiberias, and let anybody in if they wanted to learn, a controversial move at the time.[بحاجة لمصدر] The academy soon drew large numbers of gifted students, native and foreign, among them Abbahu, Rabbi Ammi, Rabbi Assi, Eleazar ben Pedat, Hiyya bar Abba, Jose bar Hanina, Shimon bar Abba, and Rabbi Isaac Nappaha. As many of his disciples accepted and taught his decisions, and as he himself visited and lectured at other places,[22] his fame spread far and wide. In the Diaspora, whither his teachings were carried by his students, his authority was almost as great as in his native land, and few contemporary scholars in Babylonia opposed him. Johanan himself recognized no foreign authority except that of Rav, his senior schoolmate under Judah haNasi. Johanan kept up a correspondence with Rav, and addressed him as "our master in Babylonia." After Rav's death Johanan wrote to Rav's colleague Samuel of Nehardea, but addressed him as "our colleague in Babylonia." Samuel sent him a complete calendar covering the intercalations for a period of sixty years; Johanan, however, admitted merely that Samuel was a good mathematician. But when Samuel transmitted to him a mass of disquisitions on the dietary laws, Johanan exclaimed, "I still have a master in Babylonia!" He even resolved to pay him a visit, but rumor made him believe that Samuel had in the meantime died.[23] Johanan was long considered the greatest rabbi in the Land of Israel, and after the deaths of Rav and Samuel, the greatest authority recognized by Babylonian Jews as well. Because of the principle of halacha k'battra'i (the halachic ruling being according to the rabbi with the latest ordination from the Land of Israel in those days, felt to be uninterrupted from the direct line from the Sanhedrin),[24] he is quoted so many times and one will notice that every 'participant' in that discussion attempts to align themselves with his opinion. In a sense, once his name is mentioned in a discussion on halachic ruling, it 'kills the discussion', as his ruling are considered final.[بحاجة لمصدر]

تفاصيل شخصية

Johanan is the subject of many stories.[25] He treated his servants with great kindness: "Did not He that made me in the womb make him?"[26] He was blessed with many children, but lost ten sons. The last one is said to have died by falling into a caldron of boiling water. The bereft father preserved a joint of the victim's little finger, which he exhibited to mourners in order to inspire resignation. "This is a bone from the body of my tenth son," he would say.[27] However, he himself was not resigned at the death of his brother-in-law Shimon ben Lakish, his fellow amora, whom he affectionately called "my counterpart".[28] He mourned for him long and deeply, weeping often and crying, "Bar Lakish, where art thou? O Bar Lakish! " At last he became melancholy, and for three years and a half could not attend his college; but it seems that he finally recovered his health and resumed his labors.[29]

It is said that Johanan had an agreeable presence and a pleasing disposition; he was considered kind and considerate to the stranger as well as to his brethren; to the non-observant as to the pious; to the am ha'aretz as to the haver; for this he was beloved by his teachers and honored by all.[30]

He is believed to have never left Israel in all his life, a rare feat for rabbis in those days, who frequently visited Babylonia.

He was known for being healthy and beautiful, and reportedly lived more than one hundred years. The Talmud relates of him: "He that wishes to see the beauty of Rabbi Johanan, let him bring a silver chalice when it comes out of the silversmith's refinery, and let him fill it with the red kernels of a pomegranate, and then let him adorn the chalice around its brim with red roses, and then place it between the sunlight and the shade. The emanating radiance would be somewhat similar to the beauty of Rabbi Johanan."[31][32] He was accustomed to sit outside the mikveh in the evening, saying: "Let the daughters of Israel look at me when they come up from the mikveh and their children will be as handsome as I am and they will learn Torah like I do." He then said a special verse so no jealousy or haughtiness would result from this.[32]

الوفاة

On his death-bed he ordered that he should be dressed neither in white nor in black, but in scarlet, so that on awaking after death he would not feel out of place in the company either of the pious or of the wicked.[33]

Eleazar ben Pedat succeeded Yohanan as head of the Tiberias school.

التعاليم

He thoroughly analyzed the Mishnah, discovering many contradictory decisions in it. These he sought to reconcile; but as that could not always be done, he perforce rejected many laws adopted in the Mishnah, preferring the authority of baraitas taught by his former masters Hiyya and Hoshaiah.

He established broad rules that apply in many cases; for example, he held that the halakha always follows a s'tam mishnah (an undisputed anonymous mishnah), and he had rules for which tanna ("Mishnah teacher") to follow in cases of dispute. Some such rules had been formulated by others, but had proved insufficient. Johanan therefore elaborated and supplemented them,[34] and most of his rules are to this day considered authoritative. All of them were collected in the geonic period in the "Order of the Tannaim and Amoraim" (סדר תנאים ואמוראים; abridged, סתו"א), which is ascribed to Naashon b. Zadok of the ninth century.[35]

Later Talmudists, seeing that Johanan's name appears more frequently in the Gemara than anyone else's, ascribed to him the compilation of the Jerusalem Talmud.[36] Modern scholars believe that he began the compilation, which, however, was not completed until over a century after him.

In his religious decisions Johanan was comparatively liberal. He blamed the destruction of the Temple by the Romans to the strictness of rabbis when applying religious verdicts.[37] He sided with Judah II in the repeal of the prohibition against using oil made by pagans.[38] He permitted Greek to be studied by men (because it enabled them to defend themselves against informers) and by women (because familiarity with Greek was considered attractive in women).[39] He allowed the painting of decorative figures on the walls.[40] Under certain circumstances he permitted emigration from Palestine: "If you are mentioned [nominated by the Romans] for office, make the Jordan your boundary friend [escape over the Jordan], even on a semiholiday".[41]

He was one of the most prolific aggadists. Midrash Tehillim has, erroneously, been ascribed to him.[42]

المراجع

  1. ^ Sherira Gaon (1988). The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon (in الإنجليزية). Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim. p. 100. OCLC 923562173.
  2. ^ Rambam and Yerushalmi
  3. ^ An Overview of the Talmud Yerushalmi
  4. ^ Giat, Paltiel (2003). A Word in Stone: Zippori in the Sages Literature (Milah be-even: Zippori basifrut chazal) (in العبرية). Jerusalem: Israel Nature & National Parks Authority, and The Department for Torah Culture in the Ministry of Education. p. 64. OCLC 58417078.
  5. ^ Yerushalmi Rosh Hashanah 2 58b; Sanhedrin 96a
  6. ^ Makkot 5b
  7. ^ Giat, Paltiel (2003). A Word in Stone: Zippori in the Sages Literature (Milah be-even: Zippori basifrut chazal) (in العبرية). Jerusalem: Israel Nature & National Parks Authority, and The Department for Torah Culture in the Ministry of Education. pp. 64, 67. OCLC 58417078.
  8. ^ Berachot 20a
  9. ^ Pesachim 3b; Hullin 137b
  10. ^ Babylonian Talmud (Baba Bathra 28a); Jerusalem Talmud (Baba Bathra 3:1)
  11. ^ أ ب Yerushalmi Horayot 3:4 48b
  12. ^ Avodah Zarah 28a
  13. ^ Salomon Buber (ed.), Pesiqata Derav Kahana, Lvov 1868, p. 178b (s.v. ולקחתם לכם)
  14. ^ Exodus 20:11, 34:28; Deuteronomy 9:10; Shir haShirim Rabbah 8:7
  15. ^ Ta'anit 21a; Yevamot 57a; Yerushalmi Yevamot 8 9b; Yerushalmi Rosh Hashana 2 58a et seq.; Shabbat 112b; Eruvin 24a
  16. ^ Giat, Paltiel (2003). A Word in Stone: Zippori in the Sages Literature (Milah be-even: Zippori basifrut chazal) (in العبرية). Jerusalem: Israel Nature & National Parks Authority, and The Department for Torah Culture in the Ministry of Education. p. 64. OCLC 58417078.
  17. ^ Yerushalmi Beitzah 1 60a; Yerushalmi Shevuot 9 38c, where the text is mutilated
  18. ^ Yerushalmi Terumot 10 47a; Yerushalmi Hallah 1 58b
  19. ^ Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 11 30b
  20. ^ Ginzberg, Louis, ed. (1974). Yerushalmi Fragments from the Genizah (שרידי הירושלמי מן הגניזה אשר במצרים) (in العبرية). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Makor Ltd. p. 16 (Berakhot, ch. 5). OCLC 233346011.
  21. ^ Babylonian Talmud (Baba Kama 99b). Cf. Babylonian Talmud (Shabbat 139a–b)
  22. ^ Yevamot 64b; Ketuvot 7a
  23. ^ Hullin 95b
  24. ^ Shmuel HaNaggid, Mavoh LaTalmud p. 47
  25. ^ Berachot 5b; Yerushalmi Berachot v. 9a; Ḥag. 15b; Bava Kamma 117a et seq.; Bava Metziah 84a; Bava Batra 75a
  26. ^ Job 31:15; Yerushalmi Bava Kamma 8 6c
  27. ^ Berachot 5b; see Hiddushei Geonim ad loc.
  28. ^ Ketuvot 54b, 84b
  29. ^ Yerushalmi Megillah 1 72b; Bava Metziah 84a
  30. ^ Bava Metziah 84a; Yerushalmi Avodah Zarah 3 42c; Megillah 10b, 16a; Avodah Zarah 26b; Yerushalmi Demai 2 23a; Bekhorot 31a
  31. ^ Giat, Paltiel (2003). A Word in Stone: Zippori in the Sages Literature (Milah be-even: Zippori basifrut chazal) (in العبرية). Jerusalem: Israel Nature & National Parks Authority, and The Department for Torah Culture in the Ministry of Education. p. 65. OCLC 58417078.
  32. ^ أ ب Bava Metzia 84a
  33. ^ Yerushalmi Ketuvot 12 35a; Genesis Rabbah 96:5
  34. ^ see Yerushalmi Terumot 3 42a; Shabbat 39b; Eruvin 46a et seq.; Yevamot 42b; Gittin 75a
  35. ^ See Grätz, "Einleitung in den Talmud von Ibn-Aknin," p. 7
  36. ^ see Maimonides, "Hakdamah," ed. Hamburger, p. 58, Berlin, 1902
  37. ^ Bava Metzia 30b
  38. ^ Avodah Zarah 36a
  39. ^ Yerushalmi Peah 1 15c
  40. ^ Yerushalmi Avodah Zarah 3 42d
  41. ^ Yerushalmi Moed Kattan 2 81b
  42. ^ See Buber, "Midrash Tehillim," Introduction, p. 2a
  • Margaliyot, Mordekhai, ed. Entziklopedya l'chachme haTalmud v'hag'onim (2d ed., vol. 1). Jerusalem, 1945 or 1946.
  • Gross, Moses David. Avos hadoros: monografyot al avos haMishna v'haTalmud (5th ed.). Tel Aviv: Yavneh, 1966.

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. It has the following bibliography:

  • Bacher, Ag. Pal. Amor. i. 205-339;
  • Frankel, Mebo, pp. 95b-97b;
  • Grätz, Gesch. 2d ed., iv. 257 et seq.;
  • Halevy, Dorot ha-Rishonim, ii. 149b et seq.;
  • Hamburger, R. B. T.;
  • Heilprin, Seder ha-Dorot, ii.;
  • Jost, Gesch. des Judenthums und Seiner Sekten, ii. 149, passim;
  • Weiss, Dor, iii. 69 et seq.

قالب:Amoraim

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