يوگ‌ياكرتا

هذا المقال هو عن the city of Yogyakarta. إذا كنت تريد the Yogyakarta Special Region، انظر Yogyakarta (special region).

يوگ‌ياكرتا
City
The Tugu monument in 2007
Flag الشعار
الشعار:  Memayu Hayuning Bawono
Location of Yogyakarta in Indonesia
الإحداثيات: 7°48′5″S 110°21′52″E
Country	Indonesia
Province	Yogyakarta Special Region
الحكومة
• Governor	ISKS Hamengkubuwono X
• Mayor	Haryadi Suyuti
المساحة
• City	32٫5 كم² (12٫5 ميل²)
• العمران	1٬114٫16 كم² (430٫18 ميل²)
التعداد  (2010)
• City	388٬088
• الكثافة	12٬000/km2 (31٬000/sq mi)
• العمرانية	2٬389٬200
• الكثافة العمرانية	2٬100/km2 (5٬600/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+7 (WIB)
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.jogjakota.go.id

يوگ‌ياكرتا (إندونيسية: Yogyakarta؛ English: /ˌjɒɡjəˈkɑrtə/ أو /ˌjoʊɡjəˈkɑrtə/، ملايو: [jɔɡjaˈkarta]؛ وأيضاً جوگجا Jogja، جوگ‌جاكرتا Jogjakarta) هي مدينة وعاصمة يوگ‌ياكرتا المنطقة الخاصة في جزيرة جاوة في إندونسيا. وتشتهر بأنها مركز الفن والثقافة الجاوية الكلاسيكية الرفيعة مثل الباتيك، الباليه، الدراما، الموسيقى، الشعر ومسرح العرائس. وكانت يوگ‌ياكرتا عاصمة إندونسيا أثناء الثورة الوطنية الإندونيسية من 1945 وحتى 1949. أحد مناطق يوگ‌ياكرتا، كوتاگده، كانت عاصمة سلطنة مطرم من 1575 وحتى 1640. وقد سُميت المدينة على اسم المدينة الهندية أيوديا من ملحمة الرامايانا. فكلمة يوگيا تعني 'مناسب'، و كرتا، 'مزدهر' (أي 'مدينة يليق بها الازدهار').

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 التاريخ

 مملكة مطرم (8th - 10th Century CE)

According to Canggal inscription dated 732, the area traditionally called as "Mataram" and become the capital of Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya. Mataram become the center of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture, for about three centuries its heartland in Kewu Plain (southern slope of Mount Merapi) around Prambanan witnessed the construction of numerous candi including Borobudur and Prambanan.

 بعد معاهدة جيانتي (1745 - 1945)

During the reign of Pakubuwono II the civil war was broke out in Mataram Sultanate.

The Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti (Perjanjian Gianti) by Prince Mangkubumi, who later ascend the throne as Sultan Hamengkubuwono I. Officially, the creation of Yogyakarta Sultanate is dated to 7 October 1756 as a result of civil war among the princes of The Mataram Sultanate. This civil war marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate and resulted in the birth of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate .

The historical building of Bank of Indonesia in European architecture

However, in later years both of the heir of Mataram, the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate confined their power and were reduced as Dutch East Indies protectorate kingdoms under the crown of the Kingdom of Netherlands, identified as Vorstenlanden Mataram.

 Republic of Indonesia era (1945 - present)

In 1942 the Japanese Empire invaded Dutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945. Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesian Republic on August 1945. Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX promptly send a letter to Sukarno expressing his support to the newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledge Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of Indonesian Republic. The Sunanate of Surakarta also doing the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms realm are awarded special status as Special Region within Indonesian Republic. However because leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and absorbed into Central Java Province.

 الجغرافيا

The Gondolayu bridge in the afternoon

The Yogyakarta sultanate palace's main pavilion

The Taman Sari Water Castle

The area of the city of Yogyakarta is 32.5 km². While the city spreads in all directions from the kraton (the Sultan's palace), the core of the modern city is to the north, centring around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby market and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north, is a shopping district more frequented by locals. At the southern end of Malioboro, on the east side is the large local market of Beringharjo, not far from Fort Vredeburg a restored Dutch fort.

 Administration

DI Yogyakarta is actually a special district on the provincial level, of which Greater Yogyakarta is located within. The regencies of Bantul and Sleman have population densities far higher than the surrounding countryside (over 1,500 per square kilometer) and effectively are bedroom communities of Yogyakarta. Within Greater Yogyakarta lies the municipality of Yogyakarta, called Kota Yogyakarta. The tiny Kota represents the core of Yogyakarta.

Name	Capital	Area (km²)	Population 2000 Census	Population 2010 Census
Bantul Regency	Bantul	506٫86	781٬000	910٬572
Sleman Regency	Sleman	574٫80	901٬400	1٬090٬567
Yogyakarta City	Yogyakarta (city)	32٫50	396٬700	388٬088
Gunung Kidul Regency	Gunung Kidul
Kulon Progo Regency	Kulon Progo
Greater Yogyakarta		1٬114٫16	2٬079٬100	2٬389٬200

The municipality (kota) is divided into 14 districts (kecamatan).

1. Gondokusuman
2. Jetis
3. Tegalrejo
4. Umbulharjo
5. Kotagede
6. Mergangsan
7. Ngampilan
8. Danurejan
9. Kraton
10. Wirobrajan
11. Pakualaman
12. Mantrijeron
13. Gedongtengen
14. Gondomanan

 Arts and culture

Yogyakarta has strong communities in:

The Wayang Kulit performance by an Indonesian famous "dalang" (puppet master) Ki Manteb Sudharsono .

• Silver work,
• Traditional leather puppetry used for shadow plays (wayang kulit),
• Contemporary puppetry and theatre, for example Papermoon Puppet Theatre

Kawung Motif in batik from Yogyakarta.

• Making batik dyed fabric.
• Gamelan music, including the unique style Gamelan Yogyakarta, which developed in the courts.
• Visual artists including Taring Padi community in Bantul, that produces art prints using a technique called ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

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 Demography and language

Most population is Javanese, but being a student city, there are also significant population of people from other ethnicities in Indonesia. This status makes Yogyakarta as one of the most heterogeneous cities in terms of ethnicity in Indonesia. ^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

 Education

Main office of Gadjah Mada University.

Yogyakarta is well known as home of Gadjah Mada University, one of Indonesia's most prominent state universities. The others public university in Yogyakarta are Yogyakarta State University, Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University, Indonesia Arts Institute. This city also houses several well-known private universities such as Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Islamic University of Indonesia, Atma Jaya University and Sanata Dharma University.

 Museums

A picture of Monumen Yogya Kembali (also known as Monjali), which is a museum located in Sleman Regency.

 Transportation

 Airport

Adisucipto International Airport. Seen from runway.

 Rail

Tugu railway station.

 الحافلات

Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta City.

 المناخ

Climate data for Yogyakarta
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (85)	31 (87)	30 (86)	30 (86)	29 (85)	30 (86)	31 (87)	31 (88)	30 (86)	29 (85)	30 (86)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	21 (70)	21 (69)	21 (69)	22 (71)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (72)	22 (71)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	350 (13.8)	330 (13.0)	310 (12.2)	210 (8.3)	120 (4.7)	80 (3.1)	40 (1.6)	20 (0.8)	30 (1.2)	90 (3.5)	220 (8.7)	340 (13.4)	2٬180 (85.8)
Source: http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35869&refer=&units=metric

 السياحة

Because of its proximity to world famous Borobudur and Prambanan temples, also because having unique Javanese court Kraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta has become the second most important tourist destination in Indonesia after Bali. Most tourists come to Yogyakarta as an accommodation base on visiting Borobudur and Prambanan and also for its strong Javanese culture and tradition. This makes it prominent among other Javanese cities, along with Surakarta or Solo, a city lying about 64 km to the east, Yogyakarta is the centre of Javanese culture.

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 Sister cities

المقالة الرئيسية: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

• Gangbuk-gu, South Korea
• Baalbek, Lebanon
• Huế, Vietnam
• Hefei, China
• Kyoto, Japan
• Paramaribo, Suriname
• Bonn, ألمانيا

 الهامش

12. gudeg.net 13. Lintas Berita Yogyakarta

 وصلات خارجية

• Yogyakarta travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official website