وحدة:String2
 | This module is rated as ready for general use. It has reached a mature form and is thought to be relatively bug-free and ready for use wherever appropriate. It is ready to mention on help pages and other Wikipedia resources as an option for new users to learn. To reduce server load and bad output, it should be improved by sandbox testing rather than repeated trial-and-error editing. |
The module String2 contains five case-related calls that convert strings to upper, lower, sentence or title case and two calls that are useful for working with substrings. There are two utility calls that strip leading zeros from padded numbers and transform text so that it is not interpreted as wikitext.
Functions
upper
The upper function simply converts all characters to upper case.
lower
The lower function simply converts all characters to lower case.
title
The title function capitalises the first letter of each word in the text, apart from a number of short words recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual: a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor.
sentence
The sentence function finds the first letter and capitalises it, then renders the rest of the text in lower case. It works properly with text containing wiki-markup. Compare {{#invoke:String2|sentence|[[action game]]}} -> Action game with {{ucfirst:{{lc:[[action game]]}}}} -> action game. Piped wiki-links are handled as well:
{{#invoke:String2|sentence|[[trimix (breathing gas)|trimix]]}}-> Trimix
So are lists:
{{#invoke:String2 |sentence |{{hlist ||[[apples]] |[[pears]] |[[oranges]]}}}}→
ucfirst
The ucfirst function is similar to sentence; it renders the first alphabetical character in upper case, but leaves the capitalisation of the rest of the text unaltered. This is useful if the text contains proper nouns, but it will not regularise sentences that are ALLCAPS, for example. It also works with text containing piped wiki-links and with html lists. label is an alias to this function for backward compatibility.
posnq
- posnq (position, no quotes) returns the numerical start position of the first occurrence of one piece of text ("match") inside another ("str").
- It returns nil if no match is found, or if either parameter is blank.
- It takes the text to be searched in as the first unnamed parameter, which is trimmed.
- It takes the text to match as the second unnamed parameter, which is trimmed and any double quotes " are stripped out. That allows spaces at the beginning or end of the match string to be included in a consistent manner.
split
The split function splits text at boundaries specified by separator and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1). It can use positional parameters or named parameters (but these should not be mixed):
{{#invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false}}{{#invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false}}
Any double quotes (") in the separator parameter are stripped out, which allows spaces and wikitext like ["[ to be passed. Use {{!}} for the pipe character |.
If the optional plain parameter is set to false / no / 0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern. The default is plain=true, i.e. normal text matching.
The index parameter is optional; it defaults to the first chunk of text.
stripZeros
The stripZeros functions finds the first number in a string of text and strips leading zeros, but retains a zero which is followed by a decimal point. For example: "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12"
nowiki
The nowiki function ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string, not code. It trims leading and trailing whitespace.
Usage
{{#invoke:String2 | upper |…}}- Shifts all characters to uppercase{{#invoke:String2 | lower |…}}- Shifts all characters to lowercase{{#invoke:String2 | sentence |…}}- Capitalizes the first character and shifts the rest to lowercase- Although similar to magic words'
{{ucfirst:}}function, this call works even with piped wiki-links because it searches beyond leading brackets and other non-alphanumeric characters. - It now also recognises when it has an html list passed to it and capitalises the first alphabetic letter beyond the list item markup (
<li>) and any piped links that may be there.
- Although similar to magic words'
{{#invoke:String2 | ucfirst |…}}- Capitalizes the first character and leaves the rest unaltered- Works with piped wiki-links and html lists
{{#invoke:String2 | title |…}}- Capitalizes all words, except fora,an,the,at,by,for,in,of,on,to,up,and,as,but,or, andnor.{{#invoke:String2 | stripZeros |…}}- Removes leading padding zeros from the first number it finds in the string{{#invoke:String2 | title |…}}- Renders the string as plain text without wikicode
Parameters
These functions take one unnamed parameter comprising (or invoking as a string) the text to be manipulated.
Examples
| Input | Output |
|---|---|
| {{#invoke:String2| upper | abcd }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "upper" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| upper | abCD }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "upper" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| upper | ABcd }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "upper" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| upper | ABCD }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "upper" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| upper | }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "upper" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| lower | abcd }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "lower" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| lower | abCD }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "lower" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| lower | ABcd }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "lower" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| lower | ABCD }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "lower" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| lower | }} | خطأ: الوظيفة "lower" غير موجودة. |
| {{#invoke:String2| ucfirst | abcd }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| ucfirst | abCD }} | AbCD |
| {{#invoke:String2| ucfirst | ABcd }} | ABcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| ucfirst | ABCD }} | ABCD |
| {{#invoke:String2| ucfirst | }} | |
| {{#invoke:String2| ucfirst | human X chromosome }} | Human X chromosome |
| {{#invoke:String2| sentence | abcd }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| sentence | abCD }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| sentence | ABcd }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| sentence | ABCD }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| sentence | [[action game]] }} | Action game |
| {{#invoke:String2| sentence | [[trimix (breathing gas)|trimix]] }} | Trimix |
| {{#invoke:String2 | sentence | {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P136 |fetchwikidata=ALL |onlysourced=no |qid=Q1396889}} }} | |
| {{#invoke:String2 | sentence | {{#invoke:WikidataIB |getValue |P106 |fetchwikidata=ALL |list=hlist |qid=Q453196}} }} | |
| {{#invoke:String2| sentence | }} | |
| {{#invoke:String2| title | abcd }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| title | abCD }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| title | ABcd }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| title | ABCD }} | Abcd |
| {{#invoke:String2| title | }} | |
| {{#invoke:String2| title | the vitamins are in my fresh california raisins}} | The Vitamins Are in My Fresh California Raisins |
Posnq
Template:Posnq is a convenience wrapper for the posnq function.
{{Posnq |This is a piece of text to be searched |piece of }}→ قالب:Posnq{{Posnq |This is a piece oftext to be searched |piece of }}→ قالب:Posnq{{Posnq |This is a piece of text to be searched |"piece of "}}→ قالب:Posnq{{Posnq |This is a piece oftext to be searched |"piece of "}}→ قالب:Posnq
Stringsplit
Template:Stringsplit is a convenience wrapper for the split function.
{{Stringsplit |This is a piece of text to be split |" "}}→ قالب:Stringsplit{{Stringsplit |This is a piece of text to be split |" "| 4}}→ قالب:Stringsplit{{Stringsplit |This is a piece of text to be split |x| 2}}→ قالب:Stringsplit
Modules may return strings with | as separators like this: {{#invoke:carousel | main | name = WPDogs | switchsecs = 5 }} → خطأ: لا توجد وحدة بهذا الاسم "carousel".
{{Stringsplit |{{#invoke:carousel | main | name = WPDogs | switchsecs = 5 }}|{{!}}| 2}}→ قالب:Stringsplit
Lua patterns can allow splitting at classes of characters such as punctuation:
{{Stringsplit |Apples, pears, oranges; Cats, dogs|"%p"| 2 |false}}→ قالب:Stringsplit{{Stringsplit |Apples, pears, oranges; Cats, dogs|"%p"| 4 |false}}→ قالب:Stringsplit
Or split on anything that isn't a letter (no is treated as false):
{{Stringsplit |Apples pears oranges; Cats dogs|"%A+"| 4 |no}}→ قالب:Stringsplit
Named parameters force the trimming of leading and trailing spaces in the parameters and are generally clearer when used:
{{Stringsplit | txt=Apples pears oranges; Cats dogs | sep="%A+" | idx=3 | plain=false }}→ قالب:Stringsplit
See also
Module:String for the following functions:
- len
- sub
- sublength
- match
- pos
- str_find
- find
- replace
- rep
Other templates قالب:Case templates see also
require ('strict');
local p = {}
p.trim = function(frame)
return mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")
end
p.sentence = function (frame)
-- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not.
frame.args[1] = frame:callParserFunction('lc', frame.args[1])
return p.ucfirst(frame)
end
p.ucfirst = function (frame )
local s = frame.args[1];
if not s or '' == s or s:match ('^%s+$') then -- when <s> is nil, empty, or only whitespace
return s; -- abandon because nothing to do
end
s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" )
local s1 = ""
local prefix_patterns_t = { -- sequence of prefix patterns
'^\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-%a+%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- stripmarker
'^([%*;:#]+)', -- various list markup
'^(\'\'\'*)', -- bold / italic markup
'^(%b<>)', -- html-like tags because some templates render these
'^(&%a+;)', -- html character entities because some templates render these
'^(&#%d+;)', -- html numeric (decimal) entities because some templates render these
'^(&#x%x+;)', -- html numeric (hexadecimal) entities because some templates render these
'^(%s+)', -- any whitespace characters
'^([%(%)%-%+%?%.%%!~!@%$%^&_={}/`,‘’„“”ʻ|\"\'\\]+)', -- miscellaneous punctuation
}
local prefixes_t = {}; -- list, bold/italic, and html-like markup, & whitespace saved here
local function prefix_strip (s) -- local function to strip prefixes from <s>
for _, pattern in ipairs (prefix_patterns_t) do -- spin through <prefix_patterns_t>
if s:match (pattern) then -- when there is a match
local prefix = s:match (pattern); -- get a copy of the matched prefix
table.insert (prefixes_t, prefix); -- save it
s = s:sub (prefix:len() + 1); -- remove the prefix from <s>
return s, true; -- return <s> without prefix and flag; force restart at top of sequence because misc punct removal can break stripmarker
end
end
return s; -- no prefix found; return <s> with nil flag
end
local prefix_removed; -- flag; boolean true as long as prefix_strip() finds and removes a prefix
repeat -- one by one remove list, bold/italic, html-like markup, whitespace, etc from start of <s>
s, prefix_removed = prefix_strip (s);
until (not prefix_removed); -- until <prefix_removed> is nil
s1 = table.concat (prefixes_t); -- recreate the prefix string for later reattachment
local first_text = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]'); -- extract wikilink at start of string if present; TODO: this can be string.match()?
local upcased;
if first_text then
if first_text:match ('^%[%[[^|]+|[^%]]+%]%]') then -- if <first_text> is a piped link
upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^|]+|%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character
upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character
s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%[[^|]+|%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace
else -- here when <first_text> is a wikilink but not a piped link
upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[%W*%w'); -- get '[[' and first letter
upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character
s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%[%[%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here
end
elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s+[^%]]+%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link of some sort; must have label text
upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%S+%s+%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character
upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character
s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%S+%s+%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace
elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s*%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link without label text; nothing to do
return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done
else -- <s> is not a wikilink or ext link; assume plain text
upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%W*%w'); -- get the first letter character
upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character
s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here
end
return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done
end
p.title = function (frame )
-- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html
-- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual:
-- "Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents,
-- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor."
local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1,
['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1,
['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1,
['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 }
local res = ''
local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" )
local words = mw.text.split( s, " ")
for i, s in ipairs(words) do
-- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not.
s = frame:callParserFunction('lc', s)
if i == 1 or alwayslower[s] ~= 1 then
s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s)
end
words[i] = s
end
return table.concat(words, " ")
end
-- findlast finds the last item in a list
-- the first unnamed parameter is the list
-- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space)
-- returns the whole list if separator not found
p.findlast = function(frame)
local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" )
local sep = frame.args[2] or ""
if sep == "" then sep = ", " end
local pattern = ".*" .. sep .. "(.*)"
local a, b, last = s:find(pattern)
if a then
return last
else
return s
end
end
-- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units)
-- e.g "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12"
p.stripZeros = function(frame)
local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")
local n = tonumber( string.match( s, "%d+" ) ) or ""
s = string.gsub( s, "%d+", n, 1 )
return s
end
-- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string
-- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode
p.nowiki = function(frame)
local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")
return mw.text.nowiki(str)
end
-- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator
-- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1)
-- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false
-- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false
-- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true
p.split = function(frame)
local args = frame.args
if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
local txt = args[1] or args.txt or ""
if txt == "" then return nil end
local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or ""):gsub('"', '')
local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1
local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or "true"):sub(1,1)
plain = (plain ~= "f" and plain ~= "n" and plain ~= "0")
local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain )
if idx < 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end
return splittbl[idx]
end
-- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt=
-- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string.
p.val2percent = function(frame)
local args = frame.args
if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "")
if txt == "" then return nil end
local function v2p (x)
x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100
if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end
return x .. "%"
end
txt = txt:gsub("%d[%d%.]*", v2p) -- store just the string
return txt
end
-- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt=
-- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string.
p.one2a = function(frame)
local args = frame.args
if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end
local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "")
if txt == "" then return nil end
txt = txt:gsub(" one ", " a "):gsub("^one", "a"):gsub("One ", "A "):gsub("a ([aeiou])", "an %1"):gsub("A ([aeiou])", "An %1")
return txt
end
-- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page
-- First positional parameter or |text is the search text
-- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page
-- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search
-- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil
p._findpagetext = function(args)
-- process parameters
local nomatch = args.nomatch or ""
if nomatch == "" then nomatch = nil end
--
local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or "")
if text == "" then return nil end
--
local title = args.title or ""
local titleobj
if title == "" then
titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
else
titleobj = mw.title.new(title)
end
--
local plain = args.plain or ""
if plain:sub(1, 1) == "f" then plain = false else plain = true end
-- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch
local content = titleobj and titleobj:getContent()
return content and mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch
end
p.findpagetext = function(frame)
local args = frame.args
local pargs = frame:getParent().args
for k, v in pairs(pargs) do
args[k] = v
end
if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end
-- just the first value
return (p._findpagetext(args))
end
-- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function {{urlencode:val|TYPE}}
-- Type is:
-- QUERY decodes + to space (default)
-- PATH does no extra decoding
-- WIKI decodes _ to space
p._urldecode = function(url, type)
url = url or ""
type = (type == "PATH" or type == "WIKI") and type
return mw.uri.decode( url, type )
end
-- {{#invoke:String2|urldecode|url=url|type=type}}
p.urldecode = function(frame)
return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type )
end
-- what follows was merged from Module:StringFunc
-- helper functions
p._GetParameters = require('Module:GetParameters')
-- Argument list helper function, as per Module:String
p._getParameters = p._GetParameters.getParameters
-- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per Module:String
function p._escapePattern( pattern_str )
return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1" )
end
-- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per Module:String
p._getBoolean = p._GetParameters.getBoolean
--[[
Strip
This function Strips characters from string
Usage:
{{#invoke:String2|strip|source_string|characters_to_strip|plain_flag}}
Parameters
source: The string to strip
chars: The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with ''
plain: A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.
Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string.
]]
function p.strip( frame )
local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args, {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} )
local source_str = new_args['source'] or ''
local chars = new_args['chars'] or '' or 'characters'
source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str)
if source_str == '' or chars == '' then
return source_str
end
local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true )
if l_plain then
chars = p._escapePattern( chars )
end
local result
result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, "["..chars.."]", '')
return result
end
--[[
Match any
Returns the index of the first given pattern to match the input. Patterns must be consecutively numbered.
Returns the empty string if nothing matches for use in {{#if:}}
Usage:
{{#invoke:String2|matchAll|source=123 abc|456|abc}} returns '2'.
Parameters:
source: the string to search
plain: A flag indicating that the patterns should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.
1, 2, 3, ...: the patterns to search for
]]
function p.matchAny(frame)
local source_str = frame.args['source'] or error('The source parameter is mandatory.')
local l_plain = p._getBoolean( frame.args['plain'] or true )
for i = 1, math.huge do
local pattern = frame.args[i]
if not pattern then return '' end
if mw.ustring.find(source_str, pattern, 1, l_plain) then
return tostring(i)
end
end
end
--[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >--------------------------------------------------
Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions. The hyphen must separate
like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified:
letter - letter (A - B)
digit - digit (4-5)
digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5)
letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and
digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5)
digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and
digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d)
any other forms are returned unmodified.
str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list
]]
function p.hyphen_to_dash( str, spacing )
if (str == nil or str == '') then
return str
end
local accept
str = mw.text.decode(str, true ) -- replace html entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split
local out = {}
local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*') -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any
for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list
item = mw.text.trim(item) -- trim whitespace
item, accept = item:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1')
if accept == 0 and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators
if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or -- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit)
item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or -- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter)
item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or -- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit
item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or -- digit hyphen digit
item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then -- letter hyphen letter
item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2') -- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters
else
item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–') -- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace
end
end
table.insert (out, item) -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table
end
local temp_str = table.concat (out, ',' .. spacing) -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string
temp_str, accept = temp_str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out
if accept ~= 0 then
temp_str = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value
end
return temp_str
end
function p.hyphen2dash( frame )
local str = frame.args[1] or ''
local spacing = frame.args[2] or ' ' -- space is part of the standard separator for normal spacing (but in conjunction with templates r/rp/ran we may need a narrower spacing
return p.hyphen_to_dash(str, spacing)
end
-- Similar to [[Module:String#endswith]]
function p.startswith(frame)
return (frame.args[1]:sub(1, frame.args[2]:len()) == frame.args[2]) and 'yes' or ''
end
return p