هيپاتيا (حجر) Hypatia (stone)

For other uses, see هيپاتيا (توضيح).
حجر هيباتيا.

هيپاتيا Hypatia هو حجر صغير عُثِر عليه في مصر في 1996. It has been claimed to be both a meteorite[1] and kimberlite debris.[2][3] It has also been claimed to be the first known specimen of a comet nucleus on Earth, although defying physically-accepted models for hypervelocity processing of organic material.[4] As of November 2023, Hypatia has not been officially classified as a meteorite in the Meteoritical Bulletin, which is tasked with recording all scientifically proven meteorites.

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الاكتشاف والاسم

Hypatia was discovered in December 1996 by Aly A. Barakat at 25°20′N 25°30′E / 25.333°N 25.500°E / 25.333; 25.500, directly in proximity to a dark, slag-like glassy material that was interpreted to be a form of Libyan desert glass.[5]

Hypatia's status as an extraterrestrial rock is widely accepted[من؟]. The original sample was cut apart and sent to multiple labs for study, reducing its original size of approximately 30 grams to about four grams.[6]

الحجر مسمى على اسم هيپاتيا السكندرية (c. 350–370 AD – 415 AD) – the philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and inventor.[7] Assuming the Hypatia stone is a meteorite, such naming is in violation of the long-standing convention and regulation of naming meteorites, which states that "a new meteorite shall be named after a geographical locality near to the location of its initial recovery".[8]


البحث

أجريت اختبارات في جنوب أفريقيا من قِبل الباحثين يان كرامرز و جورجي بليانين في جامعة جوهانسبرغ أظهرت أن هيباتيا يحتوي ألماساً مجهرية. Due to the presence of several anomalous isotopic distributions unknown in prior association, some[من؟] claim the Hypatia material is necessarily of extraterrestrial origin, although significant terrestrial contamination is dismissed by proponents[من؟] as being impact-authigenic from incorporation of terrestrial atmosphere, the physics of which are unresolved[من؟]. Further speculation from comparative summary statistical associations support that Hypatia is a relict fragment of the hypothetical impacting body assumed to have produced the chemically-dissimilar Libyan desert glass.[5] If the claimed association holds, Hypatia may have impacted Earth approximately 28 million years ago.[7] Its unusual chemistry has prompted further speculation that Hypatia may predate the formation of the Solar System.[من؟]

In 2018 Georgy Belyanin, Jan Kramers, and colleagues found compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons and silicon carbide associated with a previously-unknown nickel phosphide compound.[9] Other observations supporting non-terrestrial origin for the Hypatia samples include ratios of silicon to carbon anti-correlated to terrestrial averages, or those of major planets like Mars or Venus. Some samples of interstellar dust overlap Hypatia distributions, although Hypatia's elemental chemistry also overlaps some terrestrial distributions.[10]

In 2022, Kramers and Andreoli proposed the hypothesis that the Hypatia stone represents the first evidence on Earth of a type Ia supernova explosion.[11]

As of November 2023, Jan Kramers appears to have been a co-author in all the scientific publications made on the Hypatia stone.[5][9][11][1][12][13] No independent scientific studies have been conducted, either proving or disproving the claims in the above papers, starting from the extraterrestrial origin.

See also

References

  1. ^ أ ب Avice, G.; Marty, B.; Meier, M. M. M.; Wieler, R; Zimmermann, L.; Andreoli, M. A. G.; Kramers, J. D. (March 2015). "Nitrogen and Noble Gases in a Diamond-Bearing Pebble from SW Egypt" (PDF). 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute (1832): 1312. Bibcode:2015LPI....46.1312A.
  2. ^ Brügge, Norbert (6 February 2021). "A not credible message about the discovery of extra-terrestrial material in the Egyptian desert (Libyan Desert Glass area)". Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  3. ^ Brügge, Norbert (26 May 2020). "What tell us the finds of carbon and diamonds in the LDG, other glassy melts and breccias in the Silica-strewnfield in the Egyptian Great Sand Sea". Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  4. ^ "Libyan desert glass: Diamond-Bearing Pebble Provides Evidence of Comet Striking Earth". sci-news.com, 8 October 2013.
  5. ^ أ ب ت Kramers, Jan D; Andreoli, Marco A.G; Atanasova, Maria; Belyanin, Georgy A; Block, David L; Franklyn, Chris; Harris, Chris; Lekgoathi, Mpho; Montross, Charles S; Ntsoane, Tshepo; Pischedda, Vittoria; Segonyane, Patience; Viljoen, K.S. (Fanus); Westraadt, Johan E (2013). "Unique chemistry of a diamond-bearing pebble from the Libyan Desert Glass strewnfield, SW Egypt: Evidence for a shocked comet fragment". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 382: 21–31. Bibcode:2013E&PSL.382...21K. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.003.
  6. ^ See Barakat: "The specimen is of a shiny grey-black colour and irregular shape. It measures roughly 3.5 x 3.2 x 2.1 cm and weights about 30 grams"; Pappas, Stephanie (January 18, 2018). "Out-of-This-World Diamond-Studded Rock Just Got Even Weirder". Live Science. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  7. ^ أ ب Collins, Tim (2018-01-12). "Incredible diamond-studded 'alien' rock has minerals not found anywhere in our star system". NZ Herald (in الإنجليزية). ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  8. ^ Committee on Meteorite Nomenclature (March 2019). "Guidelines for Meteorite Nomenclature" (PDF). The Meteoritical Society. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  9. ^ أ ب Belyanin, Georgy A.; Kramers, Jan D.; Andreoli, Marco A. G.; Greco, Francesco; Gucsik, Arnold; Makhubela, Tebogo V.; Przybylowicz, Wojciech J.; Wiedenbeck, Michael (2018-02-15). "Petrography of the carbonaceous, diamond-bearing stone "Hypatia" from southwest Egypt: A contribution to the debate on its origin". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 223: 462–492. Bibcode:2018GeCoA.223..462B. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.12.020. ISSN 0016-7037.
  10. ^ 2018 Journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 223 462. (Quotation from CERN Courier March 2018)
  11. ^ أ ب Kramers et al. (2022). "The chemistry of the extraterrestrial carbonaceous stone "Hypatia": A perspective on dust heterogeneity in interstellar space". Icarus. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  12. ^ Andreoli, M. A. G.; Przybylowicz, W. J.; Kramers, J.; Belyanin, G.; Westraadt, J.; Bamford, M.; Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, J.; Venter, A. (2015-11-15). "PIXE micro-mapping of minor elements in Hypatia, a diamond bearing carbonaceous stone from the Libyan Desert Glass area, Egypt: Inheritance from a cold molecular cloud?". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 14th International Conference on Particle Induced X-ray Emission. 363: 79–85. Bibcode:2015NIMPB.363...79A. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2015.09.008. ISSN 0168-583X.
  13. ^ Avice, Guillaume; Meier, Matthias M. M.; Marty, Bernard; Wieler, Rainer; Kramers, Jan D.; Langenhorst, Falko; Cartigny, Pierre; Maden, Colin; Zimmermann, Laurent; Andreoli, Marco A. G. (2015-12-15). "A comprehensive study of noble gases and nitrogen in "Hypatia", a diamond-rich pebble from SW Egypt". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 432: 243–253. arXiv:1510.06594. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.432..243A. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.013. ISSN 0012-821X.

External links

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