هانز گايگر

For the German footballer, see Hans Geiger (footballer). For the Swiss surrealist artist, see H. R. Giger.
هانز گايگر
Hans Geiger
Hans geiger.jpg
Hans Wilhelm Geiger (1928)
وُلِدَ30 سبتمبر 1882
نوي‌شتات آن در ڤاين‌شتراسه، Palatinate، الإمبراطورية الألمانية
توفي24 سبتمبر 1945
پوتسدام، ألمانيا
الجنسيةألماني
اللقب
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتالفيزياء
الهيئاتجامعة إرلانگن-نورمبرگ
أثـَّر عليهإرنست رذرفورد
جون ميتشل نتال

يوهانـِّس (هانز) ڤلهلم گايگر Johannes (Hans) Wilhelm Geiger (و.30 سبتمبر 1882 - 24 سبتمبر 1945) كان فيزيائياً ألمانياً. وربما يكون أكثر ما اشتهر به هو مشاركته في اختراع عداد گايگر وكذلك لتجربة گايگر-مارسدن التي اكتشفت نواة الذرة. He also carried the Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment that confirmed the conservation of energy in light-particle interactions.

He was the brother of meteorologist and climatologist رودلف گايگر.

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السيرة

ولد گايگر في نوي‌شتات آن در ڤاين‌شتراسه، ألمانيا. وكان أحد خمس أطفال ولدوا لعالم الهنديات ڤيلهلم لودڤيگ گايگر، الذي كان أستاذاً في جامعة إرلانگن. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906.[1] His thesis was on electrical discharges through gases.[2] He received a fellowship to the University of Manchester and worked as an assistant to Arthur Schuster. In 1907, after Schuster's retirement, Geiger began to work with his successor, Ernest Rutherford, and in 1908, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment (also known as the "gold foil experiment"). This process allowed them to count alpha particles[3][4][5][2] and led Rutherford to start thinking about the structure of the atom.

In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model.[6]

In 1912, Geiger was named head of radiation research at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (Imperial Physical Technical Institute – PTR) in Charlottenburg. There he worked with Walter Bothe (winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics) and James Chadwick (winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics).[7] Work was interrupted when Geiger served in the German military during World War I as an artillery officer from 1914 to 1918.

In 1924, Geiger and Bothe carried the Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment that confirmed the Compton effect which helped earn Arthur Compton the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.[2] Bothe would also receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for their experiment in 1954, after Geiger's death.[8]

In 1925, he began a teaching position at the University of Kiel where, in 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the Geiger–Müller tube. This new device not only detected alpha particles, but beta and gamma particles as well, and is the basis for the Geiger counter.[9][10]

In 1929 Geiger was named professor of physics and director of research at the University of Tübingen where he made his first observations of a cosmic ray shower. In 1936 he took a position with Technische Universität Berlin where he continued to research cosmic rays, nuclear fission, and artificial radiation until his death in 1945.[2]

Beginning in 1939, after the discovery of atomic fission, Geiger was a member of the Uranium Club, the German investigation of nuclear weapons during World War II. The group splintered in 1942 after its members came to believe (incorrectly, as it would later transpire) that nuclear weapons would not play a significant role in ending the war.[7]

Although Geiger signed a petition against the Nazi government's interference with universities, he provided no support to colleague Hans Bethe (winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics) when he was fired for being Jewish.[11][12]

Geiger endured the Battle of Berlin and subsequent Soviet occupation in April/May 1945. توفي گايگر في پوتسدام بعد أن وضعت الحرب العالمية الثانية أوزارها بأشهر قليلة.


See also

المصادر

  1. ^ Krebs, AT (July 1956). "Hans Geiger: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of His Doctoral Thesis, 23 July 1906". Science. 124 (3213): 166. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..166K. doi:10.1126/science.124.3213.166. PMID 17843412.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A.; Steensma, D. P. (2011). "Hans Geiger—German Physicist and the Geiger Counter". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (12): e54. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0638. PMC 3228631. PMID 22196280.
  3. ^ Rutherford E.; Geiger H. (1908). "An electrical method of counting the number of α particles from radioactive substances". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 81 (546): 141–161. Bibcode:1908RSPSA..81..141R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0065. ISSN 1364-5021.
  4. ^ Geiger H. (1913). "Über eine einfache Methode zur Zählung von α- und β-Strahlen (On a simple method for counting α- and β-rays)". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 15: 534–539.
  5. ^ Campbell John (1999). Rutherford Scientist Supreme, AAS Publications.
  6. ^ H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation", Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium", Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.
  7. ^ أ ب "June 1911: Invention of the Geiger Counter".
  8. ^ Maier, Elke (2011). "Flashback: Particle Billiards, Captured on Film". MaxPlanckResearch. 3: 92–93.
  9. ^ Geiger; Müller W. (1928). "Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten (Electron counting tube for the measurement of the weakest radioactivities)". Die Naturwissenschaften (The Sciences). 16 (31): 617–618. Bibcode:1928NW.....16..617G. doi:10.1007/BF01494093. ISSN 0028-1042. S2CID 27274269.
  10. ^ See also:
    1. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.
    2. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.
    3. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.
  11. ^ "Scientific Exodus".
  12. ^ "How 2 Pro-Nazi Nobelists Attacked Einstein's "Jewish Science" [Excerpt]". Scientific American.

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