نيتبوك

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An ASUS Eee PC netbook.

النيتبوك هو لابتوب كومبيوتر مصمم للإتصال اللاسلكى والوصول الى الإنترنت .[1]

أساسا تم تصميمه لتصفح الويب و إرسال رسائل إليكترونية, النيتبوك تعتمد اعتمادا كبيرا على شبكة الانترنت للتواصل معها عن بعدعلى الويب تعتمد اعتمادا كبيرا على شبكة الانترنت للحصول على تطبيقات على شبكة الإنترنت [2]وتستهدف بشكل متزايد الحوسبة السحابية المستخدمين الذين يتطلبون أقل إستخدام من الكمبيوتر العميل .[3] نيتبوك في الغالب ينفذ نظم التشغيل ويندوز إكس بي أو لينكس [2] وليس أكثر نظم التشغيل كثافة وتطلبا لموارد الكمبيوتر مثل ويندوز- ڤيستا.[4][5] الأجهزة يتراوح حجمها بين أقل من 5 بوصة[6] إلى فوق 13 بوصة,[7] و يزن في الغالب من 2 إلى 3 (~1 كج) ,وهى بصفة جوهرية أرخص من ما يقابلها من أجهزة اللابتوب ذات الإستعمال العادى بما يتراوح بين أميريكى دولار 400,[2] مع بعض ، حتى في نطاق 50-100 دولار أمريكي.[8] كلمة نيتبوك هى محتوى من عبارة الإنترنت و دفتر.

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التاريخ

Netbook market popularity within laptops in second half of 2008 by PriceGrabber[2]

أصل النيتبوك يمكن إرجاعه إلى الخط الموقوف بوزيون'الدفتر , وهو مايدعى مشروع لابتوب واحد لكل طفل (OLPC) و بالم فوليو — وهذه كلها أجهزة كمبيوتر صغيرة,مجهزة للشبكات .[9][10][11] وتصاعدت أجهزة النيتبوك,فى 2007 عندما أقدم أسوس على أزاحة الستار عن أسوس إى إى إى بي سى. المصممة أصلا للأسواق المتنامية , فإن ألأجهزة 8.9 × 6.5 بوصة (23 x 17 سم) تزن حوالى رطلين و تتميز 7-بوصة شاشة عرض , و لوحة مفاتيح تقريبا 85% من حجم اللوحة العادية, و نسخة حسب المواصفات من لينكس مع واجهة مستخدم مبسطة جهزت أصلا لإستخدام النوتبوك.[10] Following the Eee PC, Everex launched its Linux-based CloudBook, MSI released the Wind, Dell and HP both released a "Mini" series (the Inspiron Mini and HP Mini), and others soon followed suit. Windows XP models were also introduced.[10]

By late 2008, netbooks had begun to take market share away from laptops.[12] It is estimated that almost thirty times more netbooks were sold in 2008 (11.4 million, 70% of which were in Europe[13]) than in 2007 (400,000).[14] For 2009, sales are expected to jump to 35 million, rising to an estimated 139 million in 2013.[15] This trend is reinforced by the rise of web-based applications as well as mobile networking and, according to Wired Magazine, netbooks are evolving into "super-portable laptops for professionals".[16]

Microsoft and Intel have tried to "cement" netbooks in the low end of the market to protect mainstream notebook PC sales, because they get lower margins on low-cost models. The companies have limited the specifications of netbooks, but despite this original equipment manufacturers have announced higher-end netbooks models as of March 2009.[17]


Trends

فى بداية 2009, موديلات أو طرازات مبنية على ARM[18][19] و PowerPC[20] و أطلقت معمارية جديدة, مؤكدة نقلة بعيدة عن معالجات إنتل مثل أتوم (وإن كان يوجد موديلات هجينة تحوى كلا من إنتل و طرز أخرى مقابلة من المعماريات [21]). موديلات تستخدم MIPS كمبيوتر -على --رقاقة (SoC) وهى معمارية ظهرت أيضا, في ذلك التوقيت , مما أدى إلى انخفاض كبير في التكلفة.[22]

وحيث أن الإصدارات الحديثة من ويندوز تتطلب x86-عائلة المعالجات, فانها لن تعمل على هذه النيتبوك الجديدة.[23] و تمتلك لينكس مع ذلك إمكانية دعم معمارية غير إكس 86 مثل MIPS, ARM, و PowerPC لسنوات عديدة.

Also with the advent of better touchscreen technologies, and the Android operating system, many companies have recently begun development of touchscreen, tablet netbooks. There is at least one netbook running the Android operating system in pre-production stages in the Asian market, and are expected to begin production of tablet netbooks in the American and European markets by the beginning of the third quarter 2009.

العلامات التجارية

فى 1996 بزيون بدأت في تطبيق خط علامات تجارية لمنتجات نيتبوك التي كانت في وقت لاحق قد أطلقت في 1999.[24] وأصدرت العلامات التجارية الدولية (بما فيهاقالب:علامات تجارية أميركية و قالب:علامات تجارية داخلية) ولكن النماذج قد فشلت في الحصول على شعبية<refSave the Netbooks: fighting a trademark on extinct hardware</ref> and are now discontinued (except for providing accessories, maintenance and support to existing users).[25] Similar marks were recently rejected by the USPTO citing a "likelihood of confusion" under section 2(d).[26][27][28]

Despite expert analysis that the mark is "probably generic",[29] Psion Teklogix issued cease and desist letters on 23 December, 2008.[30][31][32] This was heavily criticised,[33][34][35] prompting the formation of the "Save the Netbooks" grassroots campaign which worked to reverse the Google AdWords ban, cancel the trademark and encourage continued generic use of the term.[36] While preparing a "Petition for Cancellation" of U.S. Trademark 75٬215٬401 they revealed[37] that Dell had submitted one the day before[38] on the basis of abandonment, genericness and fraud.[39] They later revealed Psion's counter-suit against Intel, filed on 27 February 2009.[40]

It was also revealed around the same time that Intel had also sued Psion Teklogix (US & Canada) and Psion (UK) in the Federal Court on similar grounds.[41] In addition to seeking cancellation of the trademark, Intel sought an order enjoining Psion from asserting any trademark rights in the term "netbook", a declarative judgement regarding their use of the term, attorneys' fees, costs and disbursements and "such other and further relief as the Court deems just and proper".[42]

On June 2, 2009, Psion announced that the suit had been settled out of court. Psion's statement said that the company was withdrawing all of its trademark registrations for the term "Netbook" and that Psion agreed to "waive all its rights against third parties in respect of past, current or future use" of the term.[43]

Technology

Hardware

A netbook motherboard featuring the Intel Atom processor

Netbook users typically rely on online applications and services which do not require powerful hardware on the local computer.[44] Some netbooks do not even have conventional hard[45] or optical disc drives. Such netbooks use solid-state storage devices instead, as these require less power and are smaller, lighter and generally more robust and durable. On machines with no optical disk drive, application software is typically downloaded from the web or read from a USB device. An external IDE drive can be used with a USB-to-IDE converter.

All netbooks on the market today support Wi-Fi wireless networking and many can be used on mobile telephone networks with data capability. Mobile data plans are supplied under contract in the same way as mobile telephone[46]. Some also include Ethernet and/or modem ports, for broadband or dial-up Internet access, respectively.

Processor architectures

ARM

ARM is designing and licensing high-performance chips requiring a relatively low power envelope, which would constitute an ideal basis for netbooks, and has touted these as an alternative platform.[47] Despite this, ARM has had very little success in establishing a market for their chips in netbooks, likely because of incompatibilities of their ARM architecture to the established x86 software ecosystem (primarily the dominant Microsoft Windows operating system, Linux is fully compatible). Freescale, a manufacturer of ARM chips, has projected that by 2012 half of all netbooks will run on ARM[48] and there has been much speculation as to a version of the upcoming Windows 7 compatible with ARM.[49] In June 2009 nVidia announced a dozen mobile Internet devices running Tegra, some of which will be netbooks.[50]

MIPS

Some Ultra-Low Cost netbooks feature a MIPS CPU. [51] The 64-bit Loongson MIPS microprocessor is also used for higher-end applications. [52]

x86

One report at the end of 2008 suggested the typical netbook featured a 3-lb (1.4 kg) weight, a 9-inch (23 cm) screen, wireless Internet connectivity, Linux or Windows XP, an Intel chip, and a cost of less than US$ 400.[53] The x86-compatible VIA Technologies C7 processor is powering netbooks from HP[54] and Samsung.[55] VIA has also designed the Nano, a new x86-64-compatible architecture targeting lower priced, mobile applications like netbooks.

Software

Windows

As of January 2009, over 90% of netbooks are estimated to ship with Windows XP[56], which Microsoft was later estimated to sell ranging from US$15 to US$ 35 per netbook.[57][58] Microsoft has extended the availability of Windows XP for ultra-low cost personal computers from June 2008 until June 2010,[59] possibly to keep netbooks from gaining market share at the expense of desktops and "value" laptops[60] and to avoid increased use of Linux installations on netbooks.[61]

Netbook with Accessories

Microsoft is also testing[62] and has demonstrated[63] a 'Starter' edition of Windows 7 for this class of devices.[64][65] Windows CE has also been used in netbook applications, due to its reduced feature design, that keeps with the design philosophy of netbooks. [66]


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Linux

As of January 2009, customised Linux distributions are estimated to ship on less than 10% of netbooks,[56] making it the second most popular operating system after Windows. As Linux systems normally install software from an Internet software repository, they do not need an optical drive to install software. However, early netbooks like the Eee PC failed to use this benefit by disabling access to the full range of available Linux software.

Netbooks have sparked the development of many new Linux distributions, like Ubuntu Netbook Remix and Easy Peasy. See the full list of Netbook Distributions. Recently an Intel-sponsored beta version of Moblin has hit the web.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Android

Google's Android software platform, designed for mobile telephone handsets, has been demonstrated on an ASUS Eee PC and its Linux operating system contains policies for mobile internet devices including the original Asus Eee PC 701.[67] ASUS has allocated engineers to develop an Android-based netbook.[68] Freescale have also announced plans for a low-cost ARM-based netbook design, running Android.[69] In May 2009 a contractor of Dell announced it is porting Adobe Flash Lite to Android for Dell netbooks.[70] Acer announced Android netbooks to be available in Q3/2009.[71]

Mac OS X

Mac OS X has been demonstrated running on various netbooks as a result of the OSx86 project,[72] although this may be in violation of the operating system's End User License Agreement.[73] Apple has complained to sites hosting information on how to install OS X onto non-Apple hardware (including Wired and YouTube) who have redacted and removed content in response.[74] Although Apple has previously taken legal action regarding such installations (see Psystar), a February 2009 federal court ruling may result in the eventual removal of this restriction.[75]

Other

Netbooks have been demonstrated running other operating systems including FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Darwin.

Usage

A NPD study found that 60 percent of netbook buyers never take their netbooks out of the house.[76]

Gallery

انظر أيضاً

References

  1. ^ Intel.com: Thoughts on Netbooks
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث Netbook Trends and Solid-State Technology Forecast (PDF). pricegrabber.com. p. 7. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  3. ^ "Disruptor: The 'netbook' revolution". Fortune Magazine, Michael Copeland, October 16, 2008.
  4. ^ "Cheap PCs Weigh on Microsoft". Business Technologies, The Wall Street Journal, December 8, 2008.
  5. ^ "ASK NBB #3: Netbooks of the Future". NetbookBoards, April 24, 2009.
  6. ^ UMID Netbook Only 4.8″
  7. ^ CES 2009 - MSI Unveils the X320 “MacBook Air Clone” Netbook
  8. ^ "Light and Cheap, Netbooks Are Poised to Reshape PC Industry" (The New York Times - April 1, 2009: "AT&T announced on Tuesday that customers in Atlanta could get a type of compact PC called a netbook for just US$50 if they signed up for an Internet service plan..." - “The era of a perfect Internet computer for US$ 99 is coming this year,” said Jen-Hsun Huang, the chief executive of Nvidia, a maker of PC graphics chips that is trying to adapt to the new technological order.
  9. ^ "Jeff Hawkins and the World's First Netbook". PCMagazine.com, Tim Bajarin, November 21, 2008.
  10. ^ أ ب ت "Netbooks vs. Notebooks". PCMagazine.com, Tim Bajarin, September 12, 2008.
  11. ^ Psion's NetBook Pro Abandons EPOC in Favor of Windows CE
  12. ^ Ian Lamont (2008-10-04). ""Netbooks" Move Up In Notebook Rankings". Slashdot. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  13. ^ 70% of Netbook sales are in Europe
  14. ^ Analysis: Did Intel underestimate netbook success?
  15. ^ ABI Research: 35 Million Netbook Shipments Expected in 2009: An Era Begins
  16. ^ Puny, Trendy Netbooks Are Growing Up to Suit Business Users
  17. ^ http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9130757
  18. ^ LimePC: US$199 Freescale-powered netbook - Video
  19. ^ Pegatron showcases prototype US$199 netbook
  20. ^ LimePC linux on Freescale MPC-5121e PowerPC CPU
  21. ^ ARM processor runs applications in some Intel-based PCs, claims executive
  22. ^ Windowsfordevices.com Jz47xx SoCs descriptions
  23. ^ Older versions of Windows NT, up to and including Windows 2000, ran on some non-x86 architectures: Windows NT 3.1 supported PC compatible Intel x86, DEC Alpha, and ARC-compliant MIPS. Windows CE also supports several non-x86 architectures.
  24. ^ Psion netbook news
  25. ^ Psion Teklogix Discontinued Products
  26. ^ U.S. Trademark 77٬527٬311 for 'G NETBOOK' rejected 31 October 2008
  27. ^ U.S. Trademark 77٬580٬272 for MSI's 'WIND NETBOOK'
  28. ^ U.S. Trademark 77٬590٬174 for Coby Electronics' 'COBY NETBOOK' rejected 13 January 2009
  29. ^ How To Lose A Trademark: “Netbook” Is Probably Generic
  30. ^ Netbook enthusiast web sites getting C & D using term “netbook”
  31. ^ http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/release?id=16302
  32. ^ Psion threatens netbook sites over trademarks
  33. ^ ‘Netbook’ trademarked already, we’re all doomed
  34. ^ Using the Word 'Netbook' Could Get You Sued
  35. ^ Cease and Desist: the netbook war of words
  36. ^ Save the Netbooks: fighting a trademark on extinct hardware
  37. ^ Dell accuses Psion of "fraud" over netbook claims
  38. ^ Dell fights back against Psion netBook trademark rampage
  39. ^ Dell Goes 'Nuclear' Over Netbook Trademark
  40. ^ Newsflash: Intel counter-sued by Psion in "netbook" trademark lawsuit; jury trial demanded
  41. ^ Intel Wants 'Netbook' Trademark Canceled
  42. ^ Complaint for Injunctive Relief, Declaratory Judgment & Cancellation of Federal Trademark
  43. ^ Psion, Intel settle 'Netbook' trademark dispute
  44. ^ Shoot For the Clouds
  45. ^ What is a Netbook computer?
  46. ^ Ganapati, Priya (2008-12-15). "The Next Netbook Trend: Cellphone-Like Contract Deals". Wired (magazine). Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  47. ^ Fermoso, Jose (2009-03-02). "'Touch Book' Brings Netbook and Tablets Together With Detachable Parts". Retrieved 2009-04-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ Tofel, Kevin C. (2009-02-18). jkOnTheRun http://jkontherun.com/2009/02/18/freescale-says-arm-will-power-half-the-netbook-market/. Retrieved 2009-04-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. ^ Vance, Ashlee (2009-04-06). "Microsoft's Netbook Conundrum". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ http://news.prnewswire.com/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-02-2009/0005036371&EDATE=
  51. ^ Hermann, John (2008-12-09). "$170 Alpha 400 MIPS Netbook is as Expensive as it is Desirable". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2009-04-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ "The Gdium Liberty 1000 clearly stands out from the pack - Gdium Products". Gdium. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
  53. ^ "Tech's hope in 2009 - or curse?". Fortune Magazine, December 24, 2008, Jon Fortt.
  54. ^ Crothers, Brooke (2009-04-09). "Why HP chose Via chip over Intel for Mini-Note". CNET News. Retrieved 2009-04-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ "Samsung's VIA-powered NC20 netbook now available". Electronista. 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-04-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ أ ب Think Linux Rules on Netbooks? Think Again
  57. ^ Microsoft shares hit 11-year low
  58. ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124018108488732939.html
  59. ^ Microsoft Announces Extended Availability of Windows XP Home for ULCPCs, April 3, 2008 Press release
  60. ^ Microsoft to limit capabilities of cheap laptops, IT World May 12, 2008
  61. ^ Microsoft U-turn to stop Linux dominating ultra low cost PC
  62. ^ Microsoft seeking Win 7 testers for netbooks?
  63. ^ Ars@PDC: Steven Sinofsky on Windows 7 and netbooks
  64. ^ Windows 7 to Ship In Six Different Versions
  65. ^ Confirmed: Windows 7 'netbook edition'
  66. ^ Windows CE takes on Linux in low-end netbooks
  67. ^ Android netbooks on their way, likely by 2010
  68. ^ Google Android May Run Asus Netbook, Rival Microsoft (Update1)
  69. ^ Freescale to use Android, ARM for US$ 100 Netbook
  70. ^ http://www.fiercewireless.com/press-releases/bsquare-port-adobe-flash-lite-new-google-android-netbook-del?utm_medium=nl&utm_source=internal
  71. ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSTP18980620090602
  72. ^ Mac OS X Netbook Compatibility Chart (Updated)
  73. ^ It Lives! Gadget Lab's Netbook Running OS X Leopard
  74. ^ Gadget Lab Video: Running OS X on a Netbook
  75. ^ Mac clone maker wins legal round against Apple
  76. ^ http://www.npd.com/press/releases/press_090622b.html

وصلات خارجية

مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Netbooks

| Netbooks

]].
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