نقاش:رسوم كاركتورية مسيئة للنبي محمد في صحيفة يولاندس بوستن الدانماركية/French
Islamic tradition
The Qur'an, Islam's holiest book, condemns idolatry, but has no direct condemnations of pictorial art. Direct prohibitions of pictorial art, or any depiction of sacred figures, are found in some hadith, or recorded oral traditions.
Views regarding pictorial representation within the Muslim community have varied from group to group, and from time to time. Shi'a Muslims have been generally tolerant of pictorial representation of human figures, Sunni Muslims less so. However, the Sunni Ottomans, the last dynasty to claim the caliphate, were not only tolerant but even patrons of the miniaturists' art. Many Ottoman miniatures depict Muhammad; they usually show Muhammad's face covered with a veil or as a featureless void emanating light (depicted as flames). Pictorial surveys of Islamic religious art can be found on the internet. [1][2][3] Note that the last site also contains some extremely and intentionally offensive modern depictions of Muhammad.
Most contemporary Muslims believe that ordinary portraits and photos, films and illustrations, are permissible. Only some Salafi and Islamist interpretations of Sunni Islam still condemn pictorial representations of any kind. Offensive satirical pictures are a somewhat different case — disrespect to Islam or to Muhammad is still widely considered blasphemous or sacrilegious.
According to the BBC "It is the satirical intent of the cartoonists, and the association of the Prophet with terrorism, that is so offensive to the vast majority of Muslims."[4] As Muhammad is the proto-typical Muslim this association with terrorism is seen by Muslims to represent a generalisation to all Muslims. Furthermore, the cartoons were published in a conservative mainstream newspaper in the context of what many Muslims perceive to be an islamophobic mood in many western countries, exemplified by the French law on religious symbols in schools, the short film Submission, and the 2005 Sydney race riots.
Opinions of Muslims
A great many Muslims were angered by the publication of what they considered offensive images. This anger has been expressed in public protests, newspaper articles, emails, and SMS messages in Arabic and Islamic countries. Although the artists have denied representing Mohammed as a terrorist, many Muslims felt that "a bomb in a turban, with a lit fuse and the Islamic creed written on the bomb" suggested a connection between Muhammad and terrorism. There are multiple ways to interpret this particular drawing though, for example that some Muslims are putting violence into the religion by using bombs, or that Islam is a bomb waiting to go off.
Other Arabs and Muslims have expressed their condemnation of the cartoons: "In [the West] it is considered freedom of speech if they insult Islam and Muslims," columnist Mohammed al-Shaibani wrote in Kuwait's Al-Qabas daily on January 30. "But such freedom becomes racism and a breach of human rights and anti-Semitism if Arabs and Muslims criticize their religion and religious laws."
A number of Muslim commentators, including Ehsan Ahrari of the Asia Times, have pointed at laws in Germany, France, Austria and seven other countries in Europe which explicitly regard the denial of the Holocaust as a crime, free speech considerations notwithstanding. They maintain that offensive imagery regarding the Jewish religion and the Jewish people is largely prohibited in the media in post-Holocaust Europe. The media in general practices self-restraint in this matter; nonetheless, Muslims allege that a different set of standards seem to apply for the Islamic faith.
In a BBC news programme, Asghar Bukhari of the British Muslim organization MPACUK and Roger Koeppel, editor of Die Welt, the German newspaper that published the cartoons, debated the issue. Bukhari suggested to Koeppel that a German paper would be particularly mindful of the effect of such imagery, considering the lengthy history of anti-Semitic propaganda and demonization of Jews in German media prior to the Holocaust, when caricatures of Jews as rich financiers or evil Bolsheviks were commonplace. Koeppel replied that he did not consider the caricatures of Muhammad in the same vein.
The public anger was accompanied by a condemnation from Arabic and Islamic governments. The Muslim World League (MWL) called on UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to activate international laws against insolence toward religion.[5]
The Justice and Islamic Affairs Minister of the United Arab Emirates, Mohammed Al Dhaheri, called it "cultural terrorism, not freedom of expression," according to the official WAM news agency. "The repercussions of such irresponsible acts will have adverse impact on international relations." In Tunisia, Abdulaziz Othman Altwaijri, president of the Islamic Organization for Education, Science and Culture (the Islamic world's counterpart to UNESCO) called the drawings "a form of racism and discrimination that one must counter by all available means." He said, "It's regrettable to state today, as we are calling for dialogue, that other parties feed animosity and hate and attack sacred symbols of Muslims and of their prophet," said also Jordan's largest circulation daily, government-run Al-Rai, said the Danish government must apologize.[6]
The condemnations have also come from the General Secretariat of the Organization of Islamic Conference, saying:
- It is evident that the intention of Jylland Posten was motivated to incite hatred and violence against Muslims. By exposing the level of understanding of Islamic religion and its symbols the dailies have seriously damaged their credibility in the eyes of Muslim world and harmed democracy, freedom of the press, violated decency and civilized norms.[7]
However, not all Muslims placed blame entirely on the West. In Iraq, the country's top Shiite cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, decried the drawings but did not call for protests. Al-Sistani suggested that militant Muslims were partly to blame for distorting Islam's image.[8] In the United Arab Emirates, the periodical Al-Ittihad published an opinion piece which argued that
- the world has come to believe that Islam is what is practiced by Bin Laden, Zawahiri, Zarqawi, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Salafis, and others who have presented a distorted image of Islam. We must be honest with ourselves and admit that we are the reason for these drawings.[9]
Some Muslims, mainly in Europe, have supported the re-publication of the images so that individual Muslims can make up their own minds and welcomed the debate on the issues that that cartoons have raised.[10] It has also been pointed out that cartoons in the Arab and Islamic press "demonising" Jews and Israelis are common. [10]
Iran's largest newspaper has announced that it will be holding a "international cartoon contest about the Holocaust" in reaction to the images. Says the papers graphics editor: "The Western papers printed these sacrilegious cartoons on the pretext of freedom of expression, so let's see if they mean what they say and also print these Holocaust cartoons". [1]
KaareBluitgen.jpg
Bonjour, j'aimerais savoir qui est ce "KaareBluitgen"; qu'a t-il fait pour mériter d'avoir sa photo dans cet artcile?
D'avance merci.
Je pense qu'il s'agit de la photo de Kåre Bluitgen fr:Kåre Bluitgen fr
Il a écrit un livre pour enfants contenant des dessins du prophète (Dieu le benit) et il a été critiqué pour cela, le journal danois a alors lancee un défi/ une compétition de caricature pour faire une sorte d enqu^ete si les journalistes danois avaient peur de traiter de ces sujets. Le reste tu le connais je suppose.(les faits sont très fortement resumés pour plus d'information consultez par exemple le site anglais d aljazeera)مبتدئ 21:23, 8 فبراير 2006 (UTC)
- ^ http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/hi_fimu.htm
- ^ http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/index_flat_gallery.html#
- ^ http://www.zombietime.com/mohammed_image_archive
- ^ قالب:News reference
- ^ freepublic.com
- ^ “Outrage builds over Muhammad cartoons,” Crisscross, 2006-01-31.
- ^ “OIC condemns publication of cartoons of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH),” Islamic Republic News Agency, 2006-02-05.
- ^ “Thousands Protest 'Offensive' Cartoons in Gaza,” FOX News, 2006-02-03.
- ^ “Something's Rotten in the State of Denmark,” Slate, 2006-02-03.
- ^ أ ب “Q&A: The Muhammad cartoons row,” BBC News, 2006-02-03.