نان مادول

Coordinates: 6°50′31″N 158°19′56″E / 6.84194°N 158.33222°E / 6.84194; 158.33222
هذا المقال هو عن a ruined city on Pohnpei island. إذا كنت تريد the album by Edward Vesala، انظر Nan Madol (album). إذا كنت تريد tropical cyclones، انظر List of storms named Nanmadol.
Nan Madol
Nan madol.jpg
Nan Madol
الموقعTemwen Island, Federated States of Micronesia
الإحداثيات6°50′31″N 158°19′56″E / 6.84194°N 158.33222°E / 6.84194; 158.33222
الاسم الرسميNan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia
النوعCultural
المعيارi, iii, iv, vi
التوصيف2016 (40th session)
الرقم المرجعي1503
RegionAsia and the Pacific
التوصيف19 December 1974
الرقم المرجعي74002226[1]
التوصيف16 September 1985[2]
نان مادول is located in Federated States of Micronesia
نان مادول
موقع Nan Madol في Federated States of Micronesia
نان مادول is located in المحيط الهادي
نان مادول
نان مادول (المحيط الهادي)
Nan Madol complex map

Nan Madol is an archaeological site adjacent to the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpei, now part of the Madolenihmw district of Pohnpei state in the Federated States of Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean. Nan Madol was the capital of the Saudeleur dynasty until about 1628.[3][note 1] The city, constructed in a lagoon, consists of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals.[3] The site core with its stone walls encloses an area approximately 1.5 km long by 0.5 km wide and it contains 92 artificial islets—stone and coral fill platforms—bordered by tidal canals.[9]

The name Nan Madol means "within the intervals" and is a reference to the canals that crisscross the ruins.[10] The original name was Soun Nan-leng (Reef of Heaven), according to Gene Ashby in his book Pohnpei, An Island Argosy.[11] It is often called the "eighth wonder of the world," or the "Venice of the Pacific".[12]

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التاريخ

Nan Madol was the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur Dynasty, which united Pohnpei's estimated population of 25,000 people until about 1628.[3] Set apart between the main island of Pohnpei and Temwen Island, it was a scene of human activity as early as the first or second century AD. By the 8th or 9th century, islet construction had started, with construction of the distinctive megalithic architecture beginning 1180–1200 AD.[13]

Little can be verified about the megalithic construction. Pohnpeian tradition claims that the builders of the Leluh archaeological site on Kosrae (likewise composed of huge stone buildings) migrated to Pohnpei, where they used their skills and experience to build the even more impressive Nan Madol complex. Radiocarbon dating indicates that Nan Madol predates Leluh; thus, it is more likely that Nan Madol influenced Leluh.[13]

According to Pohnpeian legend, Nan Madol was constructed by twin sorcerers Olisihpa and Olosohpa from the mythical Western Katau, or Kanamwayso. The brothers arrived in a large canoe seeking a place to build an altar so that they could worship Nahnisohn Sahpw, the god of agriculture. After several false starts, the two brothers successfully built an altar off Temwen Island, where they performed their rituals. In legend, these brothers levitated the huge stones with the aid of a flying dragon. When Olisihpa died of old age, Olosohpa became the first Saudeleur. Olosohpa married a local woman and sired twelve generations, producing sixteen other Saudeleur rulers of the Dipwilap ("Great") clan.[note 2]

The founders of the dynasty ruled kindly, though their successors placed ever increasing demands on their subjects. Their reign ended with the invasion by Isokelekel, who also resided at Nan Madol, though his successors abandoned the site.[7][14][15] Polish ethnographer and oceanographer John Stanislaw Kubary made the first detailed description of Nan Madol in 1874.[16]


الغرض والسمات

Detail of columnar basalt pieces

The elite centre was a special place of residence for the nobility and of mortuary activities presided over by priests. Its population almost certainly did not exceed 1,000, and may have been less than half that. Although many of the residents were chiefs, the majority were commoners. Nan Madol served, in part, as a way for the ruling Saudeleur chiefs to organize and control potential rivals by requiring them to live in the city rather than in their home districts, where their activities were difficult to monitor.

Madol Powe, the mortuary sector, contains 58 islets in the northeastern area of Nan Madol. Most islets were once occupied by the dwellings of priests. Some islets served a special purpose: food preparation, canoe construction on Dapahu, and coconut oil preparation on Peinering. High walls surrounding tombs are located on Peinkitel, Karian, and Lemenkou, but the most prominent is the royal mortuary islet of Nandauwas, where walls 5.5–7.5 m (18–25 ft) high surround a central tomb enclosure within the main courtyard. This was built for the first Saudeleur.[13]

On Nan Madol, there is no fresh water or food; water must be collected and food grown inland. During Saudeleur rule, Pohnpeians brought essential food and water by boat.[4][6][17] The Saudeleur received food at a particular islet: first Peiniot, and later the closer Usennamw.[6][7]

Around 1628, when Isokelekel overthrew the Saudeleurs and began the Nahnmwarki Era, the Nahnmwarkis lived at Nan Madol, but had to gather their own water and grow their own food. This is thought[من؟] to have caused them eventually to abandon Nan Madol and move back to their own districts, although there are other explanations for the desertion of the complex, such as a sharp population decline.

الآثار

انظر أيضاً: Columnar jointing, Caldera, and Gunung Padang
Example of Nan Madol's architecture

Today Nan Madol forms an archaeological district covering more than 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi) and includes the stone architecture built up on a coral reef flat along the shore of Temwen Island, several other artificial islets, and the adjacent Pohnpei main island coastline. The site core with its stone walls encloses an area approximately 1.5 by 0.5 kilometres (0.93 by 0.31 mi) containing 92 artificial islets—stone and coral fill platforms—bordered by tidal canals.

Carbon dating indicates that megalithic construction at Nan Madol began around AD 1180 when large basalt stones were taken from a volcanic plug on the opposite side of Pohnpei. The earliest settlement on Pohnpei was probably around AD 1 although radiocarbon dating shows human activity starting around AD 80–200.[13]

In 1985, the ruins of Nan Madol were declared a National Historical Landmark.[18]

Until its closure in 2012, objects from the site were displayed at Lidorkini Museum.[19]

Offshore underwater archaeological surveys at Nan Madol

In 1978 and 1979, Dr. Arthur Saxe[20] conucted underwater archaeological surveys to investigate reports of submerged basalt columns just offshore of Nan Madol and search for two legendary submerged prehistoric cities known as Kahnihmw Namkhet and Kahnihmweiso. These surveys reported finding several tall stone pillars covered in coral growth and as tall as 6-metre (20 ft) tall, 0.9–1.2-metre (3.0–3.9 ft) wide, at depths of over 25-metre (82 ft). Neither Kahnihmw Namkhet nor Kahnihmweiso was found. However, it was hypothesized that the city of Kahnihmweiso might have been built over a cavern, which collasped and formed a blue hole that swallowed the city.[20][21]

In 1988 and 1989, a team of archaeologists[22] from the University of Oregon conducted underwater archaeological surveys around Nan Madol. They found a number of prone basalt columns on the sea floor seaward of Nan Madol. They concluded that these columns consisted of lost, discarded or fallen building materials. They also examined underwater pillars reported by Saxe. They located two randonly spaced clusters of columns. They drove a steel rod unto two of them and found only coral. One of them was raised and carefully dissected. This column was found to consist entirely of coral and clearly is not a "...purposely positioned stone column."[21][22]

In 2013, Ishimura and others used multi-beam sonar, ROVs, and scuba diving to examine submerged block-shaped features and columnar objects and the blue hole. The found neither evidence of anthropogenic pillars composed of basalt columns nor any evidence that the underwater columns are man-made structures. They also concluded that the blue hole is a sinkhole that developed in reef limestones during sea level lowstands of glacial maximums.[21]

Lost continent theories

The ruins of Nan Madol and surroundings

Nan Madol has been interpreted by some as the remains of one of the "lost continents" of Lemuria or Mu. Nan Madol was one of the sites James Churchward identified as being part of the lost continent of Mu, starting in his 1926 book The Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man.[23]

في الثقافة الشعبية

The ruins of Nan Madol were used as the setting for a lost race story by A. Merritt, The Moon Pool (1918), in which the islands are called Nan-Tauach and the ruins are called the Nan-Matal.[24][25][26]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

ملاحظات

  1. ^ The Saudeleur era lasted around 500 years.[4] Legend generally dates their downfall to the 1500s,[5] however archaeologists date Saudeleur ruins to ca. 1628.[6][7][8]
  2. ^ Hanlon (1988) notes differing accounts of the number of Saudeleur rulers, ranging from eight to seventeen, concluding that it is impossible to know this number for certain.[4]:234

الهامش

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. يناير 23, 2007.
  2. ^ "Nan Madol". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Nan Madol, Madolenihmw, Pohnpei Archived 13 يونيو 2010 at the Wayback Machine William Ayres, Department of Anthropology University Of Oregon, Accessed 26 September 2007
  4. ^ أ ب ت Hanlon, David L (1988). Upon a Stone Altar: A History of the Island of Pohnpei to 1890. Pacific Islands Monograph. Vol. 5. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 13–25. ISBN 0-8248-1124-0. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  5. ^ Cordy, Ross H (1993). The Lelu Stone Ruins (Kosrae, Micronesia): 1978-81 Historical and Archaeological Research. Asian and Pacific Archaeology. Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 14, 254, 258. ISBN 0-8248-1134-8. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  6. ^ أ ب ت Morgan, William N (1988). Prehistoric Architecture in Micronesia. University of Texas Press. pp. 60, 63, 76, 85. ISBN 0-292-76506-1. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  7. ^ أ ب ت Panholzer, Tom; Rufino, Mauricio (2003). Place Names of Pohnpei Island: Including And (Ant) and Pakin Atolls. Bess Press. pp. xiii, 21, 22, 25, 38, 48, 56, 63, 71. 72, 74, 104. ISBN 1-57306-166-2. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  8. ^ Micronesica. University of Guam. 1990. pp. 92, 203, 277. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  9. ^ Coles, Rob; McKenzie, Lel; Campbell, Stuart; Yoshida, Rudi; Edward, Ahser; Short, Fred (2005). "The effect of causeway construction on seagrass meadows in the Western Pacific ? a lesson from the ancient city of Nan Madol, Madolenihmw, Pohnpei, FSM". Pacific Conservation Biology (in الإنجليزية). 11 (3): 212–220. doi:10.1071/pc050212. ISSN 2204-4604. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Nan Madol (U.S. National Park Service)".
  11. ^ Ashby, Gene; 'Pohnpei, An Island Argosy'; Publisher: Rainy Day Pr West; Revised edition (June 1987); ISBN 978-0-931742-14-9
  12. ^ http://www2.canada.com/vancouvercourier/news/travel/story.html?id=d7601625-fafe-46f4-b1d1-5c18837881cf[dead link]
  13. ^ أ ب ت ث McCoy, Mark D.; Alderson, Helen A.; Hemi, Richard; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (November 2016). "Earliest direct evidence of monument building at the archaeological site of Nan Madol (Pohnpei, Micronesia) identified using 230Th/U coral dating and geochemical sourcing of megalithic architectural stone" (PDF). Quaternary Research. 86 (3): 295–303. Bibcode:2016QuRes..86..295M. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.08.002. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  14. ^ Riesenberg, Saul H (1968). The Native Polity of Ponape. Contributions to Anthropology. Vol. 10. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 38, 51. ISBN 9780598442437. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  15. ^ Goodenough, Ward Hunt (2002). Under Heaven's Brow: Pre-Christian Religious Tradition in Chuuk. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 246. American Philosophical Society. p. 293. ISBN 0-87169-246-5. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  16. ^ Rainbird, Paul (2004). The Archaeology of Micronesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0521651882. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  17. ^ Ballinger, Bill Sanborn (1978). Lost City of Stone: The Story of Nan Madol, the "Atlantis" of the Pacific. Simon and Schuster. pp. 45–8. ISBN 0-671-24030-7. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  18. ^ "Nan Madol (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  19. ^ Hunt, Errol (2000). South Pacific (in الإنجليزية). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-717-5.
  20. ^ أ ب Saxe, A.A.; Allenson, R.A.; Loughridge, S.R.L (1980). The Nan Mada Area of Ponape: Researches into Bounding and Stabilizing an Ancient Administrative Center. The Trust Territory Historic Preservation Office, Saipan. pp. 1–145.
  21. ^ أ ب ت Ishimura, T.; Asada, A.; Sugimoto, F.; Maed, K.I.; Ogawa, T.; Hikoyama, A.; Matsumoto, Y.; Sugimoto, Y.; Brennan, C.; Haramoto, T.; Kohle, A. (2014). Underwater Survey at the Ruins of Nan Madol, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia. In Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage. Honolulu. pp. 227–240.
  22. ^ أ ب Ayers, W.S. (1993). Mada Archaeological Fieldwork. Final Report. A Research and Historic Preservation Project 1987-1990. The Trust Territory Historic Preservation Office, Saipan. pp. 1–108.
  23. ^ Mitchell, Andrew W. (1990). The Fragile South Pacific: An Ecological Odyssey (in الإنجليزية). University of Texas Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-292-72466-2. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  24. ^ Merritt, Abraham (1919). The Moon Pool. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved 18 April 2023. p. 3: ... they had set forth for the Nan-Matal, that extraordinary group of island ruins clustered along the eastern shore of Ponape in the Carolines.
  25. ^ Craib, John L. (1983). "Micronesian prehistory: an archeological overview". Science. 219 (4587): 922–927. p. 925: Nan Madol Island is the best known archeological site in Micronesia. Its unique structures of immense proportions, and their apparent abandonment before European contact in 1595 have made Nan Madol the focus of fanciful conjecture ([citation of Merritt's The Moon Pool, among others]).
  26. ^ Hanlon, David (1990). ""The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:" Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations" (PDF). Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 99–116. Retrieved 18 April 2023. p. 107: There exist, too, more popular interpretations of Nan Madol that stress the occult and the extraterrestrial (DeCamp & Decamp 1964, Merritt 1919, Morrill 1970, von Daniken 1967).


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ببليوگرافيا

  • Ayres, William S. Nan Madol, Pohnpei. SAA Bulletin. Vol. 10, Nov. 1992. Society for American Archaeology.
  • Ayres, William S. Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory, Micronesica, Supplement 2: Proceedings, Indo Pacific Prehistory Association, Guam, 1990, pp. 187–212.
  • Ayres, William S. Mystery Islets of Micronesia. Archaeology Jan-Feb 1990, pp. 58–63.
  • Ratzel, Prof. Friedrich The History of Mankind Book II, London 1896. Races of the Pacific and their migrations pp.  159-60. Includes a drawing entitled `Sepulchral monument in Ponapé, Caroline Islands. (From a photograph in the Godeffroy Album.)'

وصلات خارجية

قالب:National Register of Historic Places in the Federated States of Micronesia

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