محمد علي فروغي

Zoka-ol-Molk (Persian: ذُکاءُالمُلک)

Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
محمدعلی فروغی
Foroughi PM1314.jpg
22nd Prime Minister of Iran
في المنصب
27 August 1941 – 9 March 1942
العاهلReza Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
سبقهAli Mansur
خلـَفهAli Soheili
في المنصب
18 September 1933 – 3 December 1935
العاهلReza Shah
سبقهMehdi Qoli Hedayat
خلـَفهMahmoud Jam
في المنصب
1 November 1925 – 13 June 1926
Acting
العاهلرضا شاه
سبقهReza Shah
خلـَفهHassan Mostowfi
وزير المالية
في المنصب
1 September 1924 – 1 November 1925
رئيس الوزراءReza Shah
في المنصب
15 June 1923 – 26 October 1923
رئيس الوزراءHassan Pirnia
في المنصب
14 March 1915 – 1 May 1915
رئيس الوزراءHassan Pirnia
في المنصب
24 May 1913 – 3 June 1913
رئيس الوزراءSaad ad-Daula
Minister of Foreign Affairs
في المنصب
28 October 1923 – 1 September 1924
رئيس الوزراءReza Shah
في المنصب
14 February 1923 – 15 June 1923
رئيس الوزراءHassan Mostowfi
Minister of Justice
في المنصب
3 June 1913 – 6 December 1914
رئيس الوزراءSaad ad-Daula
Hassan Mostowfi
Speaker of the Parliament
في المنصب
6 July 1912 – 10 July 1912
سبقهMirza Esmaiel Khan
خلـَفهHossein Pirnia
Member of the Parliament of Iran
في المنصب
19 November 1909 – 3 August 1921
الدائرة الانتخابيةTehran
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِدearly August 1877[1][2][3]
Tehran, Iran
توفي26 نوفمبر 1942(1942-11-26)[2] or 27 نوفمبر 1942(1942-11-27)[4][5][6] (aged 65)
Tehran, Iran
المثوىIbn Babawayh Cemetery
الحزبRevival Party
الأنجال6
المدرسة الأمTehran School of Political Sciences
دار الفنون

محمد علي فروغي (فارسية: محمدعلی فروغی; early August 1877[1][2][3] – 26[2] or 27[4][5][6] November 1942), also known as ذكاء المُلك (Persian: ذُکاءُالمُلک), was a writer, diplomat and politician who served three terms as Prime Minister of Iran.

The first book he wrote was on the subject of Western philosophy (the course of wisdom in Europe). Foroughi also edited Saadi's book Koliyat and founded the Academy of Iran. He also attended the Ferdowsi Millennium Congress. In addition, Foroughi has authored numerous works on history (especially ancient Iranian history).[7][8]

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النشأة والتعليم

Foroughi was born in Tehran to a merchant family from Isfahan. His ancestor, Mirza Abutorab was the representative of Isfahan in Mugan plain during Nader Shah Afshar's coronation. His grandfather, Mohammad Mehdi Arbab Isfahani, was amongst the most influential merchants of Isfahan and was skilled in history and geography. His father Mohammad Hosein Foroughi was the translator of the Shah from Arabic and French. He was also a poet and published a newspaper called Tarbiat. Naser al-Din Shah Qajar nicknamed Mohammad Hosein, Foroughi, after hearing a poem that he had written.[9] During his early life, Foroughi studied at the élite Dar ul-Funun (Polytechnic school) in Tehran.


السيرة المهنية

In 1907, Foroughi's father died, and thus Foroughi inherited his father's title of Zoka-ol-Molk.[2] During the same year, Foroughi became the dean of Tehran School of Political Science. In 1909, he entered politics as a member of Majlis (Parliament), representing Tehran. He subsequently became speaker of the house and later minister in several cabinets as well as prime minister three times and once as the acting prime minister when Reza Khan resigned as prime minister to take up the crown as Reza Shah. In 1912, he became the president of the Iranian Supreme Court. Later he was appointed prime minister and dismissed in 1935 due to the father of his son-in-law's, Muhammad Vali Asadi, alleged participation in the riot in Mashhad against the reforms implemented by Reza Shah.[10]

However, later Foroughi regained his status and became Prime Minister during the initial phase of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign.[10] Foroughi as a prime minister was instrumental in having Mohammad Reza Pahlavi proclaimed as king after his father, Reza Shah, was forced to abdicate (16 September 1941) and exiled by the allied forces of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union during World War II. After the collapse of his cabinet, he was named Minister of Court and then named ambassador of Iran to the United States of America, but he died in Tehran at the age of 67 before he could assume the post.

الإسهامات

Foroughi with Ali Mansur, Mostafa Gholibayat, Aliakbar Davar and Mahmoud Jam.

Foroughi at the court of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

The most important contribution of Foroughi to philosophy is his triplet, "The Evolution of Philosophy in Europe", in which he covered the works of European Philosophers, starting from the Seven Sages of Greece in the 7th century BC through to Henri Bergson, in the 20th century.

الكتب

كتب فروغي العديد من الكتب، منها:

تاريخ إيران,
The History of the Ancient Peoples of The East,
A Short History of Ancient Rome,
Constitutional Etiquette,
A Concise Course in Physics,
Far-fetched Thoughts,
The Philosophy of Socrates,
The Evolution of Philosophy in Europe,
My Message to the Academy of Language (Farhangestan),
The Rules of Oratory or The Technique of Speech Making,
a book on the Shahnameh (The Book of Kings). [مطلوب توضيح]

In addition to this, he prepared scholarly editions of the works of Saadi, Hafez, Rumi, Omar Khayyam and Ferdowsi. The best-known of Foroughi's critical editions is Saadi's Kolliyat.

His son Mohsen Foroughi was a renowned architect who completed his studies in France and designed Niavarān Palace Complex, which is situated in the northern part of Tehran, Iran. It consists of several buildings and a museum. The Sahebqraniyeh Palace of the time of Nasir al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty is also inside this complex. The main Niavaran Palace, completed in 1968, was the primary residence of the last Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Imperial family until the Iranian Revolution. Franz Malekebrahimian worked directly under Mohsen Foruoghi in implementation and maintenance of the Palace.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Zoka-ol-Molk, Mohammad Ali (2009) (in fa), Maghalat-e Foroughi, 1, Tehran: Tous, p. هشت, ISBN 978-964-315-091-4, https://archive.org/details/maghalat-foroughi/page/n12, "در اوایل دههٔ سوم جمادی الآخره ۱۲۹۴ قمری (۱۲۵۶ شمسی و ۱۸۷۷ میلادی) متولد شده‌ام" 
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Afshar, Iraj; Azimi, Fakhreddin (31 يناير 2012). "FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ ḎOKĀʾ-AL-MOLK". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X, Fasc. 1. pp. 108–112. Retrieved 27 نوفمبر 2019.
  3. ^ أ ب Mosaheb, Gholamhossein, ed. (2008). "Forughi, Mohammad Ali" فروغی، محمدعلی. The Persian Encyclopedia (in الفارسية). Vol. 2, Part 1. p. 1887. ISBN 978-964-303-046-9. جمادی الثانی ۱۲۹۴ هق {{cite encyclopedia}}: |script-work= ignored (help)
  4. ^ أ ب Zoka-ol-Molk, Mohammad Ali (2009) (in fa), Maghalat-e Foroughi, 1, Tehran: Tous, p. هجده, ISBN 978-964-315-091-4, https://archive.org/details/maghalat-foroughi/page/n22, "وفات فروغی که در شب جمعهٔ ششم آذرماه ۱۳۲۱ اتفاق افتاد" 
  5. ^ أ ب Hekmat, Ali-Asghar (1976), Si Khatere az Asr-e Farkhonde-ye Pahlavi, Pars, p. 15, https://archive.org/details/30Khatereh/page/n21, retrieved on 2019-11-27, "بتاریخ‌جمعهٔ ششم‌آذر۱۳۲۱ ساعت ده‌ بعدازظهر دوست دانشمند و بزرگوار، بلکه رئیس عالی‌مقام و استاد ارجمندم، محمدعلی فروغی (ذُکاءُالمُلک دوم) دراثر بیماری ممتد قلبی جهان را بدرود گفت" 
  6. ^ أ ب Ettehad, Houshang (2000) (in fa), Pazhuheshgaran-e Moaser-e Iran, 1, Tehran: Farhang Moaser, p. 79, ISBN 964-5545-43-9, "جمعه، ۶ آذر سال ۱۳۲۱ ش، ساعت ده بعداز ظهر، محمدعلی فروغی، ذُکاءُالمُلک دوم، در اثر بیماری ممتد قلبی، جهان را بدرود گفت" 
  7. ^ "با "محمدعلی فروغی" بیشتر آشنا شوید". ایسنا (in الفارسية). 28 أغسطس 2018. Retrieved 21 سبتمبر 2019.
  8. ^ "مرگ محمدعلی فروغی سیاستمدار و نخست وزیر رژیم پهلوی". ساعت و تقویم روز ایران (in الفارسية). Retrieved 21 سبتمبر 2019.
  9. ^ Bagher Agheli, A biography of political and military figures in contemporary Iran, Elm publishing, Tehran, 2001.
  10. ^ أ ب Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 أكتوبر 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5. Retrieved 4 نوفمبر 2012.

المصادر

  • 'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), Iran in the past three centuries (Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh – ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volumes 1 and 2 (Paktāb Publishing – انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). ISBN 964-93406-6-1 (Vol. 1), ISBN 964-93406-5-3 (Vol. 2).

وصلات خارجية

  • A short motion picture of Mohammad-Ali Foroughi, from the film archives of Anoshirvan Sepahbodi, Geneva, 1931: YouTube.
مناصب سياسية
سبقه
رضا خان 		رئيس وزراء إيران
1925–1926 		تبعه
مستوفي الممالك
سبقه
Mehdi Qoli Hedayat 		رئيس وزراء إيران
1933–1935 		تبعه
Mahmoud Jam
سبقه
علي منصور 		رئيس وزراء إيران
1941–1942 		تبعه
علي سهيلي

قالب:Chairmen of the Parliament of Iran

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