مباراة شطرنج مسدودة
- هذا المقال يستعمل مصطلحات جبرية لوصف حركات شطرنج.
مباراة شطرنج مسدودة Stalemate
Diagram 1
Black to move is in stalemate
|
Diagram 2
Black to move is in stalemate
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Diagram 3
Black to move is in stalemate
|
Diagram 4
Black to move is in stalemate
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anand versus Kramnik
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 |      | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
Korchnoi versus Karpov
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 |  | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
Bernstein versus Smyslov
Bernstein-Smyslov, 1946
Black to move ...
|
Bernstein-Smyslov, 1946
.. fell into a stalemate trap
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sometimes a surprise stalemate saves a game. In the game between Ossip Bernstein and Vasily Smyslov, Black should win by sacrificing the f-pawn and using the king to support the b-pawn. However, Smyslov thought it was good to advance the b-pawn, because of the skewer of the rook if it captures the pawn once it is on b2. Play went:
- 1... b2??
- 2. Rxb2!
Now if 2... Rh2+ 3. Kf3! Rxb2 is stalemate. Smyslov moved 2... Kg4 and the game was drawn after 3. Kf1 (see rook and pawn versus rook endgame) (Minev 2004:21).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Matulović versus Minev
Matulović-Minev, 1956
White to move
|
Matulović-Minev, 1956
Stalemate if White had played 4. Rxa6
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the Bernstein-Smyslov game, the possibility of stalemate arose because of a blunder. It can arise without one, as in the game Milan Matulović-Nikolay Minev (at right). Play continued:
- 1. Rc6 Kg5
- 2. Kh3 Kh5
- 3. f4 (hoping for 3... Ra3+?, with a win for White)
- 3....Rxa6!
and now 4. Rxa6 would be stalemate. White played 4. Rc5+ instead and the game was drawn several moves later (Minev 2004:22).
Williams versus Harrwitz
Williams-Harrwitz, 1846
Position after 72.Ka1
|
Williams-Harrwitz
Position after 84.Rb3! If Black takes the rook either way, the result is stalemate.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the game between Elijah Williams and Daniel Harrwitz (diagram at right), Black was up a knight and a pawn in an endgame. This would normally be a decisive material advantage, but Black could find no way to make progress because of various stalemate resources available to White. The game continued:
- 72. ... Ra8
- 73. Rc1 Ke3 (avoiding the threatened 73...Nc2+)
- 74. Rc4 Ra4
- 75. Rc1 Kd2
- 76. Rc4 Kd3 (76. ... Nc2+ 77.Rxc2+! Kxc2 is stalemate)
- 77. Rc3+! Kd4 (77. ...Kxc3 is stalemate)
- 78. Rc1 Ra3
- 79. Rd1+ Kc5 (79. ... Rd3 80. Rxd3+! leaves Black with insufficient material to win after 80. ... Nxd3 81. Kxa2, or a standard fortress in a corner draw after 80. ... Kxd3)
- 80. Rc1+ Kb5
- 81. Rc7 Nd5
- 82. Rc2 Nc3
- 83. Rb2+ Kc4
- 84. Rb3! (diagram at right)
Now the players agreed to a draw, since 84...Kxb3 or 84...Rxb3 is stalemate, as is 84...Ra8 85.Rxc3+! Kxc3.[1]
Black could still win the game until his critical mistake 82...Nc3. Instead, 82...Nb4 wins - for example: 83. Rc8 Re3 84. Rb8+ Kc5 85. Rc8+ Kd5 86. Rd8+ Kc6 87. Ra8 Re1+ 88. Kb2 Kc5 89. Kc3 a1=Q and wins.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
More complicated examples
Stalemate can also occur with more pieces on the board. Outside of relatively simple endgame positions, such as those above, stalemate occurs rarely, usually when the side with the superior position has overlooked the possibility of stalemate (Pachman 1973:17). This is typically realized by the inferior side's sacrifice of one or more pieces in order to force stalemate. A piece that is offered as a sacrifice to bring about stalemate is sometimes called a desperado.
Evans-Reshevsky, 1963
Position before White's forty-seventh move
|
Evans-Reshevsky, 1963
Position after 50. Rxg7+!, the eternal rook | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gelfand versus Kramnik
|
Gelfand-Kramnik, 1994
Position after 67. Re7 |
Gelfand-Kramnik, 1994
Possible stalemate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
الهامش
المصادر
- Alexander, C.H.O'D. (1973), A Book of Chess, Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-010048-6
- Averbakh, Yuri (1996), Chess Middlegames: Essential Knowledge, Cadogan Chess, ISBN 1-85744-125-7
- Benko, Pal (2006), "Benko's Bafflers", Chess Life (May): 49
- Benko, Pal (January 2008), "The 2007 World Championship", Chess Life (January): 48–49
- Davidson, Henry (1981), A Short History of Chess (1949), McKay, ISBN 0-679-14550-8
- Evans, Larry (1970), Chess Catechism, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-21531-0
- Evans, Larry (2007), This Crazy World of Chess, Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 1-58042-218-7
- Fine, Reuben; Benko, Pal (2003), Basic Chess Endings (1941), David McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3493-8
- Fox, Mike; James, Richard (1993), The Even More Complete Chess Addict, London, Boston: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-17040-4
- Golombek, Harry (1977), Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishers, ISBN 0-517-53146-1
- Griffiths, Peter (1992), Exploring the Endgame, American Chess Promotions, ISBN 0-939298-83-X
- Harkness, Kenneth (1967), Official Chess Handbook, David McKay
- Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
- Karolyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2007), Endgame Virtuoso Anatoly Karpov, New In Chess, ISBN 978-90-5691-202-4
- Kasparov, Garry (2006), My Great Predecessors, Part V, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-404-3
- McCrary, John (2004), "The Evolution of Special Draw Rules", Chess Life (November): 26–27
- Minev, Nikolay (2004), A Practical Guide to Rook Endgames, Russell Enterprises, ISBN 1-888690-22-4
- Müller, Karsten; Lamprecht, Frank (2001), Fundamental Chess Endings, Gambit Publications, ISBN 1-901983-53-6
- Murray, H. J. R. (1913), A History of Chess, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-827403-3
- Pachman, Ludek (1973), Attack and Defense in Modern Chess Tactics, David McKay
- Reinfeld, Fred (ed.) (1959), The Treasury of Chess Lore, Dover
- Roycroft, A.J. (1972), Test Tube Chess, Stackpole Books, ISBN 0-8117-1734-8
- Soltis, Andy (1978), Chess to Enjoy, Stein and Day, ISBN 0-8128-6059-4
- Staunton, Howard (1847), The Chess-Player's Handbook, Henry G. Bohn
- Sunnucks, Anne (1970), The Encyclopaedia of Chess, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0709146971
وصلات خارجية
- Edward Winter, Stalemate
- Jack O'Keefe: Stalemate!
- "Stalemate!" Game Collection at chessgames.com