ماري أستل

إذا كان جميع الرجال قد وُلدوا أحراراً، فكيف تكون جميع النساء قد وُلدن جواري؟

– ماري أستل، بعض التأملات في الزواج

ماري أستل Mary Astell (و. 12 نوفمبر 1666 – ت. 11 مايو 1731)، هي كاتبة أنثوية وبليغة إنگليزية. دعوتها لفرص تعليم متساوية للمرأة منحتها لقب "أول أنثوية إنگليزية".

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 كتبها

الصفحة الأولى من العدد الثالث من مقترح جاد

 قائمة أعمالها

• A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest. By a Lover of Her Sex. 1694, 1695, 1696 1697 (two printings), 1701, 1703
• Some Reflections Upon Marriage, Occasioned by the Duke and Dutchess of Mazarine's Case; Which is Also Considered. London: Printed for John Nutt, near Stationers-Hall, 1700 1700, Also: 1703, 1706, 1730 (two editions)
• A Fair Way with Dissenters and their Patrons. Not writ by Mr. L – - – - – y, or any other Furious Jacobite, whether Clergyman or Layman; but by a very Moderate Person and Dutiful Subject to the Queen. 1704
• An Impartial Enquiry into the Causes of Rebellion and Civil War in this Kingdom: In an examination of Dr. Kennett’s sermon, 31 Jan. 1703/4. And Vindication of the Royal Martyr. 1704
• The Character of the Wisest Men. Re-printed and published by the Author’s Friends. 1704
• Moderation Truly Stated: or, a review of a late pamphlet, entitul’d Moderation a virtue, or the occasional conformist justify’d from the imputation of hypocricy. Wherein this justification is further consider’d, …. 1704
• Letters concerning the love of God, between the author of the proposal to the ladies and Mr. John Norris: Wherein his late Discourse, shewing, That it ought to be intire and exclusive of all other Loves, is further Cleared and Justified. Published by J. Noris, M. A. Rector of Bemerton near Sarum. The second edition, corrected by the authors, with some few things added. 1705, 1730
• The Christian religion, as profess’d by a daughter of the Church of England. 1705, 1717,1730
• Bart’lemy fair: or an enquiry after with: in which due respect is had to a letter concerning enthusiasm, to my Lord ***. By Mr. Wotton. 1709
• An enquiry after wit: wherein the trifling arguing and impious raillery of the late Earl of Shaftesbury, in his Letter concerning enthusiasm, and other profane writers, are fully answer’d and justly exposed. 1722
• (Attributed) An essay in defence of the female sex. In which are incerted the characters of a pedant, a squire, a beau, a virtuoso, a poetaster, a city-critick, &c. In a letter to a lady. Written by a lady. 1696 (two editions), 1697,
• (Attributed) Six familiar essays upon marriage, crosses in love, sickness, death, loyalty, and friendship, written by a lady. 1696

 المصادر

• Astell, Mary. The Christian Religion, as Professed by a Daughter of the Church of England. Ed. Jacqueline Broad. Toronto: CRRS and Iter, 2013. ISBN 978-0-7727-2142-6.
• Astell, Mary. A Serious Proposal to the Ladies. Ed. Patricia Springborg. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55111-306-6.
• Broad, Jacqueline. The Philosophy of Mary Astell: An Early Modern Theory of Virtue. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN 9780198716815.
• Hill, Bridget. The First English Feminist: "Reflections Upon Marriage" and Other Writings by Mary Astell. Aldershot: Gower Publishing, 1986.
• Hill, Bridget. "A Refuge from Men: The Idea of a Protestant Nunnery". Past and Present 117 (1987): 107–30.
• James, Regina. "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary, Or, Mary Astell and Mary Wollstonecraft Compared". Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture 5 (1976): 121–39.
• Kinnaird, Joan K. "Mary Astell and the Conservative Contribution to English Feminism". Journal of British Studies 19 (1979): 53–79.
• Perry, Ruth. The Celebrated Mary Astell: An Early English Feminist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0-226-66093-1.
• Smith, Florence M. Mary Astell. New York: Columbia University Press, 1916.
• Springborg, Patricia. Mary Astell (1666–1731), Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
• Springborg, Patricia. "Mary Astell and John Locke," in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature, 1650 to 1750. Ed. Steven Zwicker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Springborg, Patricia, Mary Astell: Theorist of Freedom from Domination (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005).
• Stone Stanton, Kamille. ‘"Affliction, the Sincerest Friend’: Mary Astell’s Philosophy of Women’s Superiority through Martyrdom." Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism. [ISSN: 0144-0357] Special Issue: The Long Restoration. Vol. 29.1. Spring, 2007, pp. 104–114.
• "‘Capable of Being Kings’: The Influence of the Cult of King Charles I on the Early Modern Women’s Literary Canon." New Perspectives on the Eighteenth Century. [ISSN: 1544-9009] Vol 5.1. Spring, 2008, pp. 20–29.
• Sutherland, Christine. The Eloquence of Mary Astell. University of Calgary Press, 2005.
• Mary Astell: Reason, Gender, Faith. Edited by William Kolbrener and Michal Michelson. Aldershot, 2007, 230 pp.

 وصلات خارجية

• قالب:Cite DNB
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Astell, Mary" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Mary Astell entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Alice Sowaal, 2005-07-01
• Mary Astell(1666–1731) at Great Voyages: History of Western Philosophy
• Excerpts from Astell's works
• Project Continua: Biography of Mary Astell Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women’s intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.