مارلين مونرو

Marilyn Monroe
Monroecirca1953.jpg
Monroe in 1953
وُلِدَ
Norma Jeane Mortenson[أ]

(1926-06-01)يونيو 1, 1926
توفيأغسطس 4, 1962(1962-08-04) (aged 36)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
سبب الوفاةBarbiturate overdose
Burial placeWestwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
أسماء أخرىNorma Jeane Baker
المهنة
  • Actress
  • model
  • singer
سنوات النشاط1945–1962
Works
List of roles and awards
الزوج
(m. 1942; div. 1946)
(m. 1954; div. 1955)
(m. 1956; div. 1961)
الوالدان
الأقاربBerniece Baker Miracle (half-sister)
الموقع الإلكترونيmarilynmonroe.com
التوقيع
Marilyn Monroe Signature.svg
مونرو في فيلم الأمير وفتاة الإستعراض عام 1957.

مارلين مونرو ( Marilyn Monroe ؛ /ˈmærəlɪn mənˈr/ ؛ ولدت في 1 يونيو 1926 - 4 أغسطس 1962) كانت ممثلة أمريكية و model, and singer. Known for playing comic "blonde bombshell" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and early 1960s, as well as an emblem of the era's sexual revolution. She was a top-billed actress for a decade, and her films grossed $200 million (equivalent to $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=USD (parameter 1) not a recognized index. billion in 2022) by the time of her death in 1962.[3] Long after her death, Monroe remains a pop culture icon.[4] In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked her as the sixth-greatest female screen legend from the Golden Age of Hollywood.

Born and raised in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of her childhood in a total of 12 foster homes and an orphanage[5] before marrying James Dougherty at age sixteen. She was working in a factory during World War II when she met a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career, which led to short-lived film contracts with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures. After a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in late 1950. Over the next two years, she became a popular actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business, and in the dramas Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock. Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for nude photographs prior to becoming a star, but the story did not damage her career and instead resulted in increased interest in her films.

By 1953, Monroe was one of the most marketable Hollywood stars. She had leading roles in the film noir Niagara, which overtly relied on her sex appeal, and the comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire, which established her star image as a "dumb blonde". The same year, her nude images were used as the centerfold and cover of the first issue of Playboy magazine. Monroe played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, but felt disappointed when typecast and underpaid by the studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project but returned to star in The Seven Year Itch (1955), one of the biggest box office successes of her career.

When the studio was still reluctant to change Monroe's contract, she founded her own film production company in 1954. She dedicated 1955 to building the company and began studying method acting under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio. Later that year, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. Her subsequent roles included a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop (1956) and her first independent production in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). She won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for her role in Some Like It Hot (1959), a critical and commercial success. Her last completed film was the drama The Misfits (1961).

Monroe's troubled private life received much attention. She struggled with addiction and mood disorders. Her marriages to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and to playwright Arthur Miller were highly publicized, but ended in divorce. On August 4, 1962, she died at age 36 from an overdose of barbiturates at her Los Angeles home. Her death was ruled a probable suicide.

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حياتها

شهادة ميلاد مارلين مونرو، التي وُلِدت بإسم Norma Jeane Mortenson في 1926.



الحياة العملية

عملها المبكر: 1945–1947

السيدة نورما جين دورتي على مجلة يانك، 1945
نورما جين، 1946


الانتشار: 1948–1951

أفلام رائدة: 1952–1955

أول عدد من مجلة پلاي بوي، ديسمبر 1953
شخصية روز في فيلم نياگرا
مارلين مونرو و جين رسل تضعان توقيعيهما، وطبعات أيديهما وأقدامهما في الأسمنت في مسرح گراومن الصيني في 26 يونيو 1953


نجاح عالمي: 1954–1957

Marilyn Monroe, appearing with the USO, poses for soldiers in Korea after a performance at the 3rd U.S. Inf. Div. area, February 17, 1954.
صورة أيقونية دخلت الثقافة الشعبية.[6]
في الأمير وفناة الاستعراض (1957)، مونرو قامت ببطولة الفيلم مع لورنس أوليڤييه، الذي أخرج الفيلم أيضاً.


آخر أفلامها: 1958–1962

مارلين مونرو في افتتاح مباراة كرة قدم دولية بين إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة، في ملعب إبتس في 1959.
مارلين مونرو في آخر أفلامها الكاملة، The Misfits (1961)



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وفاتها

The crypt of Marilyn Monroe (2005)


ادارة العقارات

منزل مونرو في بيت برنتوود (1992)


حياتها الشخصية

العلاقات الشخصية

From President Kennedy's birthday gala where Monroe sang "Happy Birthday, Mr. President", May 19, 1962.


التحليل النفسي

السياسة

Portrayals

أفلامها

Film title Year Role Co-actors Director Producer Notes
Shocking Miss Pilgrim, TheThe Shocking Miss Pilgrim 1947 Telephone Operator Betty Grable and Dick Haymes Seaton, GeorgeGeorge Seaton 20th Century Fox Uncredited
Dangerous Years 1947 Evie Billy Halop and Ann E. Todd Arthur Pierson 20th Century Fox
Green Grass of Wyoming 1948 Square Dance extra Peggy Cummins and Charles Coburn King, LouisLouis King 20th Century Fox Uncredited
You Were Meant for Me 1948 Lady in Waiting Dan Dailey and Jeanne Crain Bacon, LloydLloyd Bacon 20th Century Fox Uncredited
Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! 1948 Betty June Haver and Natalie Wood Herbert, HughHugh Herbert 20th Century Fox Uncredited
Ladies of the Chorus 1948 Peggy Martin Adele Jergens and Rand Brooks Karlson, PhilPhil Karlson Columbia Pictures First major film appearance
Love Happy 1949 Grunion's Client Harpo Marx, Chico Marx, and Groucho Marx Miller, DavidDavid Miller United Artists
A Ticket to Tomahawk 1950 Clara Dan Dailey, Anne Baxter, and Rory Calhoun Sale, RichardRichard Sale 20th Century Fox Uncredited
Right Cross 1950 Dusky Ledoux June Allyson and Dick Powell Sturges, JohnJohn Sturges Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Uncredited
Fireball, TheThe Fireball 1950 Polly Mickey Rooney and Pat O'Brien Garnett, TayTay Garnett 20th Century Fox Aka: The Challenge
Asphalt Jungle, TheThe Asphalt Jungle 1950 Angela Phinlay Sterling Hayden, Louis Calhern, and Jean Hagen Huston, JohnJohn Huston Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
All About Eve 1950 Miss Claudia Caswell Bette Davis, Anne Baxter, and George Sanders Mankiewicz, Joseph L.Joseph L. Mankiewicz 20th Century Fox
Home Town Story 1951 Iris Martin Jeffrey Lynn, Alan Hale, Jr., and Donald Crisp Arthur Pierson Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
As Young as You Feel 1951 Hariett Monty Woolley, Thelma Ritter, and Jean Peters Harmen Jones 20th Century Fox
Love Nest 1951 Roberta "Bobbie" Stevens June Haver, William Lundigan, and Frank Fay Newman, Joseph M.Joseph M. Newman 20th Century Fox
Let's Make It Legal 1951 Joyce Mannering Claudette Colbert, Macdonald Carey, and Barbara Bates Sale, RichardRichard Sale 20th Century Fox
O. Henry's Full House 1952 Streetwalker Fred Allen, Anne Baxter, and Richard Widmark Koster, HenryHenry Koster 20th Century Fox Cameo appearance
Monkey Business 1952 Lois Laurel Cary Grant, Ginger Rogers, and Charles Coburn Hawks, HowardHoward Hawks 20th Century Fox
Clash by Night 1952 Peggy Barbara Stanwyck, Keith Andes, and Paul Douglas Lang, FritzFritz Lang RKO Radio Pictures
We're Not Married! 1952 Anabel Norris Ginger Rogers, Fred Allen, Victor Moore, David Wayne, and Zsa Zsa Gabor Goulding, EdmundEdmund Goulding 20th Century Fox
Don't Bother to Knock 1952 Nell Forbes Richard Widmark and Anne Bancroft Baker, Roy WardRoy Ward Baker 20th Century Fox First starring role
Niagara 1953 Rose Loomis Joseph Cotten and Jean Peters Hathaway, HenryHenry Hathaway 20th Century Fox
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes 1953 Lorelei Lee Jane Russell, Charles Coburn, and Elliot Reid Hawks, HowardHoward Hawks 20th Century Fox Nominated for Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical
How to Marry a Millionaire 1953 Pola Debevoise Betty Grable, Lauren Bacall, and William Powell Negulesco, JeanJean Negulesco 20th Century Fox
River of No Return 1954 Kay Weston Robert Mitchum, Tommy Rettig, and Rory Calhoun Preminger, OttoOtto Preminger 20th Century Fox
There's No Business Like Show Business 1954 Victoria "Vicky" Hoffman Ethel Merman, Dan Dailey, Donald O'Connor, and Mitzi Gaynor Lang, WalterWalter Lang 20th Century Fox
Seven Year Itch, TheThe Seven Year Itch 1955 The Girl Tom Ewell and Evelyn Keyes Wilder, BillyBilly Wilder 20th Century Fox Contains the famous scene of Monroe's skirt being blown up by a subway grating.
Bus Stop 1956 Chérie Don Murray and Arthur O'Connell Logan, JoshuaJoshua Logan 20th Century Fox Aka: The Wrong Kind of Girl
Prince and the Showgirl, TheThe Prince and the Showgirl 1957 Elsie Marina Laurence Olivier Olivier, LaurenceLaurence Olivier Warner Brothers The only film released under Marilyn Monroe Productions.
Some Like It Hot 1959 Sugar Kane Kowalczyk Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon Wilder, BillyBilly Wilder Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Monroe's most successful film. Known as a comedy film classic.
Let's Make Love 1960 Amanda Dell Yves Montand, Frankie Vaughan, and Tony Randall Cukor, GeorgeGeorge Cukor 20th Century Fox
Misfits, TheThe Misfits 1961 Roslyn Taber Clark Gable, Eli Wallach, Montgomery Clift Huston, JohnJohn Huston United Artists Final film appearance
Marilyn 1963 Herself (archive footage) 20th Century Fox Documentary film


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أعمال لم تكتمل

Film Year Role Co-stars Director Producer
Something's Got to Give 1962 Ellen Wagstaff Arden Dean Martin and Cyd Charisse George Cukor 20th Century Fox

أعمال تلفزيونية

As Herself

TV Program Year Notes
The Jack Benny Program 1953 1 episode
Person to Person 1955 Television documentary
Premier Khrushchev in the USA 1959 Television documentary
President Kennedy's Birthday Salute 1962 Television movie
Lykke og krone 1962 Television documentary

الأغاني

Year Film title Song title
1948 Ladies of the Chorus "Every Baby Needs a Da-Da-Daddy"
"Anyone Can See I Love You"
"Ladies Of The Chorus"
1950 A Ticket to Tomahawk "Oh, What a Forward Young Man You Are"
1953 Niagara "Kiss"
1953 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes "Two Little Girls from Little Rock"
"When Love Goes Wrong"
"Bye Bye Baby"
"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend"
"Four French Dances — Sur le balcon, La Tentateur, Sol taire, Parle d'affair"
"Down Boy"'
"When The Wild Wild Women Go Swimmin' Down In the Bimini Bay"
1953 Recordings for RCA "She Acts Like A Woman Should"
"You'd Be Surprised"
"A Fine Romance"
"Do It Again"
1954 River of No Return "I'm Gonna File My Claim"
"One Silver Dollar"
"Down In The Meadow"
"River Of No Return"
1954 There's No Business Like Show Business "Heat Wave"
"Lazy"
"After You Get What You Want"
"A Man Chases a Girl"
1956 Bus Stop "That Old Black Magic"
1957 The Prince and the Showgirl "I Found a Dream"
1959 Some Like It Hot "Runnin' Wild"
"I Wanna Be Loved By You"
"I'm Through With Love"
"Some Like It Hot"
1960 Let's Make Love "My Heart Belongs to Daddy"
"Specialization"
"Let's Make Love"
"Incurably Romantic"
1962 - "Happy Birthday, Mr. President"

جوائز وتكريمات

معرض الصور

Legacy

Monroe in a publicity photo for Photoplay magazine in 1953

According to The Guide to United States Popular Culture, "as an icon of American popular culture, Monroe's few rivals in popularity include Elvis Presley and Mickey Mouse... no other star has ever inspired such a wide range of emotions—from lust to pity, from envy to remorse."[7] Art historian Gail Levin stated that Monroe may have been "the most photographed person of the 20th century",[8] and The American Film Institute has named her the sixth greatest female screen legend in American film history. The Smithsonian Institution has included her on their list of "100 Most Significant Americans of All Time",[9] and both Variety and VH1 have placed her in the top ten in their rankings of the greatest popular culture icons of the twentieth century.[10][11]

Hundreds of books have been written about Monroe. She has been the subject of numerous films, plays, operas, and songs, and has influenced artists and entertainers such as Andy Warhol and Madonna.[12][13] She also remains a valuable brand:[14] her image and name have been licensed for hundreds of products, and she has been featured in advertising for brands such as Max Factor, Chanel, Mercedes-Benz, and Absolut Vodka.[15][16]

Monroe's enduring popularity is tied to her conflicted public image.[17] On the one hand, she remains a sex symbol, beauty icon and one of the most famous stars of classical Hollywood cinema.[18][19][20] On the other, she is also remembered for her troubled private life, unstable childhood, struggle for professional respect, as well as her death and the conspiracy theories that surrounded it.[21] She has been written about by scholars and journalists who are interested in gender and feminism;[22] these writers include Gloria Steinem, Jacqueline Rose,[23] Molly Haskell,[24] Sarah Churchwell,[16] and Lois Banner.[25] Some, such as Steinem, have viewed her as a victim of the studio system.[22][26] Others, such as Haskell,[27] Rose,[23] and Churchwell,[16] have instead stressed Monroe's proactive role in her career and her participation in the creation of her public persona.

Left panel from pop artist James Gill's painting Marilyn Triptych (1962)

Owing to the contrast between her stardom and troubled private life, Monroe is closely linked to broader discussions about modern phenomena such as mass media, fame, and consumer culture.[28] According to academic Susanne Hamscha, Monroe has continued relevance to ongoing discussions about modern society, and she is "never completely situated in one time or place" but has become "a surface on which narratives of American culture can be (re-)constructed", and "functions as a cultural type that can be reproduced, transformed, translated into new contexts, and enacted by other people".[28] Similarly, Banner has called Monroe the "eternal shapeshifter" who is re-created by "each generation, even each individual... to their own specifications".[29]

Monroe remains a cultural icon, but critics are divided on her legacy as an actress. David Thomson called her body of work "insubstantial"[30] and Pauline Kael wrote that she could not act, but rather "used her lack of an actress's skills to amuse the public. She had the wit or crassness or desperation to turn cheesecake into acting—and vice versa; she did what others had the 'good taste' not to do".[31] In contrast, Peter Bradshaw wrote that Monroe was a talented comedian who "understood how comedy achieved its effects",[32] and Roger Ebert wrote that "Monroe's eccentricities and neuroses on sets became notorious, but studios put up with her long after any other actress would have been blackballed because what they got back on the screen was magical".[33] Similarly, Jonathan Rosenbaum stated that "she subtly subverted the sexist content of her material" and that "the difficulty some people have discerning Monroe's intelligence as an actress seems rooted in the ideology of a repressive era, when super feminine women weren't supposed to be smart".[34]

Notes

  1. ^ Monroe had her screen name made into her legal name in early 1956.[1][2]

References

  1. ^ "How Did Marilyn Monroe Get Her Name? This Photo Reveals the Story". Time.
  2. ^ "Monroe divorce papers for auction". April 21, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  3. ^ Hertel, Howard; Heff, Don (August 6, 1962). "Marilyn Monroe Dies; Pills Blamed". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  4. ^ Chapman 2001, pp. 542–543; Hall 2006, p. 468.
  5. ^ "Marilyn Monroe". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  6. ^ Rosemary Hanes with Brian Taves. "Moving Image Section—Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division" مكتبة الكونگرس. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
  7. ^ Chapman 2001, pp. 542–543.
  8. ^ "Filmmaker interview – Gail Levin". Public Broadcasting Service. July 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  9. ^ Frail, T.A. (November 17, 2014). "Meet the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  10. ^ "Beatles Named 'Icons of Century'". BBC. October 16, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  11. ^ "The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons Complete Ranked List" (Press release). VH1. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015 – via PR Newswire.
  12. ^ Churchwell 2004, pp. 12–15; Hamscha 2013, pp. 119–129.
  13. ^ Schneider, Michel (November 16, 2011). "Michel Schneider's Top 10 Books About Marilyn Monroe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  14. ^ Rudnick, Paul (June 14, 1999). "The Blond Marilyn Monroe". Time. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  15. ^ Churchwell 2004, pp. 33, 40.
  16. ^ أ ب ت Churchwell, Sarah (January 9, 2015). "Max Factor Can't Claim Credit for Marilyn Monroe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  17. ^ Fuller & Lloyd 1983, p. 309; Marcus 2004, pp. 17–19, 309; Churchwell 2004, pp. 21–42.
  18. ^ Churchwell 2004, p. 8.
  19. ^ Stromberg, Joseph (August 5, 2011). "Remembering Marilyn Monroe". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  20. ^ Wild, Mary (May 29, 2015). "Marilyn: The Icon". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  21. ^ Fuller & Lloyd 1983, p. 309; Steinem & Barris 1987, pp. 13–15; Churchwell 2004, p. 8.
  22. ^ أ ب "Happy Birthday, Marilyn". The Guardian. May 29, 2001. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  23. ^ أ ب Rose 2014, pp. 100–137.
  24. ^ Haskell 1991, pp. 254–265.
  25. ^ Banner, Lois (July 21, 2012). "Marilyn Monroe: Proto-feminist?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  26. ^ Steinem & Barris 1987, pp. 15–23; Churchwell 2004, pp. 27–28.
  27. ^ Haskell, Molly (November 22, 1998). "Engineering an Icon". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  28. ^ أ ب Hamscha 2013, pp. 119–129.
  29. ^ Banner, Lois (August 5, 2012). "Marilyn Monroe, the Eternal Shape Shifter". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  30. ^ Thomson, David (August 6, 2012). "The Inscrutable Life and Death of Marilyn Monroe". New Republic. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  31. ^ Kael, Pauline (July 22, 1973). "Marilyn: A Rip-Off With Genius". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  32. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (May 9, 2012). "Cannes and the Magic of Marilyn Monroe". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  33. ^ Ebert, Roger (January 9, 2000). "Some Like It Hot". Roger Ebert.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  34. ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan (December 1, 2005). "Marilyn Monroe's Brains". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.

انظر أيضا

هوامش

المصادر

  • Churchwell, Sarah (2004). The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-7818-5.
  • Clayton, Marie (2004). Marilyn Monroe: Unseen Archives. Barnes & Noble Inc. ISBN 0-7607-4673-7.
  • Evans, Mike (2004). Marilyn: The Ultimate Book. MQ Publications. ASIN B000FL52LG.
  • Kouvaros, George. ""The Misfits": What Happened Around the Camera". Film Quarterly. University of California Press. 55 (4): 28–33. doi:10.1525/fq.2002.55.4.28. JSTOR 1213933. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Gilmore, John (2007). Inside Marilyn Monroe, A Memoir. Ferine Books, Los Angeles. ISBN 0-97889680-7.
  • Goode, James (1986). The Making of "The Misfits". Limelight Editions, New York. ISBN 0-87910-065-6.
  • Guiles, Fred Lawrence (1993). Norma Jean: The Life of Marilyn Monroe. Paragon House Publishers. ISBN 1-55778-583-X.
  • Harris, Warren G. (2002). Clark Gable, A Biography. Aurum Press, London. ISBN 1-85410-904-9.
  • Jacke, Andreas: Marilyn Monroe und die Psychoanalyse. Psychosozial Verlag, Gießen 2005, ISBN 978-3-89806-398-2, ISBN 3-89806-398-4
  • Jewell, Richard B. (1982). The RKO Story. Octopus Books, London. ISBN 0-706-41285-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Meaker, M. J. Sudden Endings: 13 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY: 1964 p. 26–45: "Marilyn and Norma Jean: Marilyn Monroe"
  • Mecacci, Luciano (2009). Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychoanalysis from the Wolf Man to Marilyn Monroe. Vagabondd Voices, Sulaisiadar 'san Rudha (Scotland). ISBN 978-0-9560560-1-6.
  • Monroe, Marilyn (2000). My Story. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1102-2. Retrieved August 5, 2008. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Olivier, Laurence (1982). Confessions of an Actor. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-14-006888-0.
  • Riese, Randall (1988). The Unabridged Marilyn. Corgi Books, London. ISBN 0-552-99308-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Russell, Jane (1986). An Autobiography. Arrow Books, London. ISBN 0-09-949590-2.
  • Server, Lee (2001). Robert Mitchum, Baby I Don't Care. St. Martin's Press, New York. ISBN 0-571-20994-7.
  • Spoto, Donald (2001). Marilyn Monroe: The Biography. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1183-9.
  • Staggs, Sam (2000). All About "All About Eve". St. Martin's Griffin, New York. ISBN 0-312-27315-0.
  • Summers, Anthony (1985). Goddess, The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe. Guild Publishing, London. ISBN 0-575-03641-9.

وصلات خارجية

Wikiquote-logo.svg اقرأ اقتباسات ذات علاقة بمارلين مونرو، في معرفة الاقتباس.


قالب:Arthur Miller قالب:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century