لجنة السبل والموارد في مجلس النواب الأمريكي

لجنة السبل والموارد
Committee on Ways and Means
لجنة السبل والموارد; Committee on Ways and Means
الكونگرس الأمريكي رقم 115
	Committee seal
التاريخ
تأسس	21 ديسمبر 1795
الدورة الجديدة بدأت	3 يناير 2017
الزعامة
الرئيس	كڤن بريدي (ج) ; منذ 5 نوفمبر 2015
Ranking member	رتشارد نيل (د)
الهيكل
المقاعد	39 نائب
المجموعات السياسية	الأغلبية (24) الجمهوري (24); الأقلية (15) ديمقراطي (15);
الموقع الإلكتروني
	waysandmeans.house.gov

لجنة السبل والموارد Committee on Ways and Means هي اللجنة الرئيسية لفرض ضرائب في مجلس النواب الأمريكي. أعضاء لجنة السبل والموارد لا يُسمح لهم بالعمل في أي لجان أخرى في مجلس النواب إلا إذا تقدموا بطلب استئناء من قيادة حزبهم بالكونگرس. اختصاص اللجنة يشمل كل الضرائب والتعريفات، وكل الإجراءات الأخرى لجمع الدخل، وكذلك عدد من البرامج الأخرى بما فيها:

الضمان الاجتماعي
Unemployment benefits
Medicare
إنفاذ child support laws
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, a federal welfare program
Foster care and adoption programs

The U.S. Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the House of Representatives. Since House procedure is that all bills regarding taxation must go through this committee, the committee is very influential, as is its Senate counterpart, the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance.

Recent chairs have included Bill Thomas, Charlie Rangel, Sander Levin, and Dave Camp. On November 4, 2015 Representative Kevin Brady of Texas was chosen to succeed Representative Paul Ryan as chairman.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

التاريخ

The idea of a ways and means committee to handle the financial matters of a legislature is an old one, having been used in the British Parliament and the colonial and early state legislatures in America.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

The Committee was first established during the first Congress, in 1789. However, this initial version was disbanded after only 8 weeks; for the next several years, only ad hoc committees were formed, to write up laws on notions already debated in the whole House. It was first established as a standing committee by resolution adopted December 21, 1795,^[1] and first appeared among the list of regular standing committees on January 7, 1802.^[2] Upon its original creation, it held power over both taxes and spending, until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

الأهمية السياسية

Because of its wide jurisdiction, Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy. Although it lacks the prospects for re-election help that comes with the Appropriations Committee, it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons. First, since its range is so broad, members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions, simply to be able to influence policy decisions. Some recent major issues that have gone through this committee include welfare reform, a Medicare prescription drug benefit, Social Security reform, George W. Bush's tax cuts, and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). Second, given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee, a seat makes it very easy to collect campaign contributions.^[3]

Until 1974, the Ways and Means Committee decided which chairmanships newly elected members of Congress would have, along with its regular financial duties.^[4] When Ways and Means chair Wilbur Mills' career ended in scandal, Congressman Phillip Burton transferred the committee's selection powers to a separate, newly created committee.^[4]

الأعضاء، الكونگرس رقم 115

رئيس اللجنة كڤن بريدي من تكساس

الأغلبية	الأقلية
جمهوري	ديمقراطي
كڤن بريدي, تكساس80 !تكساس's 8, Chair سام جونسون, تكساس30 !تكساس's 3rd دڤن نونيز، كاليفورنيا22 !كاليفورنيا's 22nd Dave Reichert, واشنطن80 !واشنطن's 8 Peter Roskam, إلينوي60 !إلينوي's 6 Vern Buchanan, فلوريدا16 !فلوريدا's 16 Adrian Smith, نبراسكا30 !نبراسكا's 3rd Lynn Jenkins, كانزس20 !كانزس's 2nd Erik Paulsen, مينيسوتا30 !مينيسوتا's 3rd Kenny Marchant, تكساس24 !تكساس's 24 Diane Black, Tennessee60 !Tennessee's 6 Tom Reed, نيويورك23 !نيويورك's 23rd Mike Kelly, Pennsylvania30 !Pennsylvania's 3rd Jim Renacci, أوهايو16 !أوهايو's 16 Kristi Noem, South DakotaAL !South Dakota's at-large George Holding, North Carolina20 !North Carolina's 2nd Jason T. Smith, مزورى80 !مزورى's 8 Tom Rice, South Carolina70 !South Carolina's 7 David Schweikert, أريزونا60 !أريزونا's 6 Jackie Walorski, إنديانا20 !إنديانا's 2nd Carlos Curbelo, فلوريدا26 !فلوريدا's 26 Mike Bishop, مشيگن80 !مشيگن's 8 دارن لحود، إلينوي18 !إلينوي's 18 Brad Wenstrup, أوهايو20 !أوهايو's 2nd	رتشارد نيل, مساتشوستس10 !مساتشوستس's 1st, Ranking Member Sander Levin, مشيگن90 !مشيگن's 9, Former Chair John Lewis, Georgia50 !Georgia's 5 Lloyd Doggett, تكساس35 !تكساس's 35 Mike Thompson, كاليفورنيا50 !كاليفورنيا's 5 John B. Larson, كنتيكت10 !كنتيكت's 1st Earl Blumenauer, Oregon30 !Oregon's 3rd Ron Kind, Wisconsin30 !Wisconsin's 3rd Bill Pascrell, نيوجرزي90 !نيوجرزي's 9 Joseph Crowley, نيويورك14 !نيويورك's 14 Danny K. Davis, إلينوي70 !إلينوي's 7 Linda Sánchez, كاليفورنيا38 !كاليفورنيا's 38 Brian Higgins, نيويورك26 !نيويورك's 26, Vice Ranking Member Terri Sewell, Alabama70 !Alabama's 7 Suzan DelBene, واشنطن10 !واشنطن's 1st Judy Chu, كاليفورنيا27 !كاليفورنيا's 27

Resolutions electing members: H.Res. 6 (Chair); H.Res. 7 (Ranking Member); H.Res. 29, H.Res. 131, (Republicans); H.Res. 45, H.Res. 95 (Democrats).

اللجان الفرعية، الكونگرس رقم 115

There are six subcommittees in the 115th Congress. In 2011, the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support was renamed the Subcommittee on Human Resources, returning to the name it held prior to the 110th Congress.^[5] In 2015, the Select Revenue Measures was renamed the Subcommittee on Tax Policy.^[6]

Subcommittee	Chair	Ranking Member
Health	Pat Tiberi (R-OH)	Sander Levin (D-MI)
Human Resources	Adrian Smith (R-NE)	Danny K. Davis (D-IL)
Oversight	Vern Buchanan (R-FL)	John Lewis (D-GA)
Tax Policy	Peter Roskam (R-IL)	Lloyd Doggett (D-TX)
Social Security	Sam Johnson (R-TX)	John B. Larson (D-CT)
Trade	Dave Reichert (R-WA)	Bill Pascrell (D-NJ)

الرؤساء

#	الرئيس	الحزب	الولاية	بداية الفترة	نهاية الفترة
1	Thomas Fitzsimons	Federalist	PA	1789	1789
2	William L. Smith	Federalist	SC	1794	1797
3	Robert G. Harper	Federalist	SC	1797	1800
4	Roger Griswold	Federalist	CT	1800	1801
5	John Randolph	Democratic-Republican	VA	1801	1805
6	Joseph Clay	Democratic-Republican	PA	1805	1807
7	George W. Cambpell	Democratic-Republican	TN	1807	1809
8	John W. Eppes	Democratic-Republican	VA	1809	1811
9	Ezekiel Bacon	Democratic-Republican	SC	1811	1812
10	Langdon Cheves	Democratic-Republican	SC	1812	1813
11	John W. Eppes	Democratic-Republican	VA	1813	1815
12	William Lowndes	Democratic-Republican	SC	1815	1818
13	Samuel Smith	Democratic-Republican	MD	1818	1822
14	Louis McLane	Democratic-Republican	DE	1822	1827
15	John Randolph	Democratic	VA	1827	1827
16	George McDuffie	Democratic	SC	1827	1832
17	Gulian C. Verplanck	Democratic	NY	1832	1833
18	James K. Polk	Democratic	TN	1833	1835
19	Churchill C. Cambreleng	Democratic	NY	1835	1839
20	John W. Jones	Democratic	VA	1839	1841
21	Millard Fillmore	Whig	NY	1841	1843
22	James I. McKay	Democratic	NC	1843	1847
23	Samuel F. Vinton	Whig	OH	1847	1849
24	Thomas H. Bayly	Democratic	VA	1849	1851
25	George S. Houston	Democratic	AL	1851	1855
26	Lewis D. Campbell	Republican	OH	1856	1857
27	J. Glancy Jones	Democratic	PA	1857	1858
28	John S. Phelps	Democratic	MO	1858	1859
29	John Sherman	Republican	OH	1860	1861
30	Thaddeus Stevens	Republican	PA	1861	1865
31	Justin Morrill	Republican	VT	1865	1867
32	Robert C. Schenck	Republican	OH	1867	1871
33	Samuel Hooper	Republican	MA	1871	1871
34	Henry L. Dawes	Republican	MA	1871	1875
35	William R. Morrison	Democratic	IL	1875	1877
36	Fernando Wood	Democratic	NY	1877	1881
37	John R. Tucker	Democratic	VA	1881	1881
38	William D. Kelley	Republican	PA	1881	1883
39	William R. Morrison	Democratic	IL	1883	1887
40	Roger Q. Mills	Democratic	TX	1887	1889
41	William McKinley	Republican	OH	1889	1891
42	William M. Springer	Democratic	IL	1891	1893
43	William L. Wilson	Democratic	WV	1893	1895
44	Nelson Dingley, Jr.	Republican	ME	1895	1899
45	Sereno E. Payne	Republican	NY	1899	1911
46	Oscar W. Underwood	Democratic	AL	1911	1915
47	Claude Kitchin	Democratic	NC	1915	1919
48	Joseph Fordney	Republican	MI	1919	1923
49	William R. Green	Republican	IA	1923	1928
50	Willis C. Hawley	Republican	OR	1928	1931
51	James W. Collier	Democratic	MS	1931	1933
52	Robert L. Doughton	Democratic	NC	1933	1947
53	Harold Knutson	Republican	MN	1947	1949
54	Robert L. Doughton	Democratic	NC	1949	1953
55	Daniel A. Reed	Republican	NY	1953	1955
56	Jere Cooper	Democratic	TN	1955	1957
57	Wilbur Mills	Democratic	AR	1957	1975
	Al Ullman (acting)	Democratic	OR	1973	1975
58	Al Ullman	Democratic	OR	1975	1981
59	Dan Rostenkowski	Democratic	IL	1981	1994
	Sam Gibbons (acting)	Democratic	FL	1994	1995
60	Bill Archer	Republican	TX	1995	2001
61	Bill Thomas	Republican	CA	2001	2007
62	Charles Rangel	Democratic	NY	2007	2010
	Pete Stark (acting)	Democratic	CA	2010	2010
63	Sander Levin (acting)	Democratic	MI	2010	2011
64	Dave Camp	Republican	MI	2011	2015
65	Paul Ryan	Republican	WI	2015	2015
66	Kevin Brady	Republican	TX	2015	Present

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

انظر أيضاً

List of current United States House of Representatives committees

المراجع

H. Doc. 100-244, The Committee on Ways and Means a Bicentennial History 1789-1989

^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 38
^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 58
^ Grier, Kevin; Munger, Michael (1991). "Committee Assignments, Constituent Preferences and Campaign Contributions". Economic Inquiry. 29 (1): 24–43. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb01250.x.
^ ^أ ^ب Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 276–279. ISBN 0-465-04195-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "Chairman Camp Announces Republican Membership on Ways & Means Subcommittees for 113th Congress". January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
^ "Chairman Brady Announces Republican Subcommittee Chairs, Members". November 18, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-18.

وصلات خارجية

Official Committee web site (Archive)
House Ways and Means Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
House Ways and Means Committee Hearings and Meetings Video. Congress.gov.

الكلمات الدالة:

[1] Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 38

[2] Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 58

[3] Grier, Kevin; Munger, Michael (1991). "Committee Assignments, Constituent Preferences and Campaign Contributions". Economic Inquiry. 29 (1): 24–43. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb01250.x.

['70s_276-4] أ ^ب Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 276–279. ISBN 0-465-04195-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[5] "Chairman Camp Announces Republican Membership on Ways & Means Subcommittees for 113th Congress". January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-22.

[6] "Chairman Brady Announces Republican Subcommittee Chairs, Members". November 18, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-18.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

v t e لجان الكونگرس الأمريكي الحالية
مجلس الشيوخ (قائمة اللجان)	Aging (Special) Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations الخدمات المسلحة Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics (Select) المالية العلاقات الخارجية الصحة والتعليم والعمل والمعاشات Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs المخابرات (مختارة) القضائية Narcotics (Caucus) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans' Affairs
مجلس النواب (قائمة اللجان)	Agriculture Appropriations الخدمات المسلحة الميزانية Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services الشؤون الخارجية Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence (Permanent Select) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science, Space, and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans' Affairs السبل والموارد (الكل)
اللجان المشتركة (قائمة اللجان المشتركة)	Budget and Appropriations Process Reform (Select) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies (Special) Library Printing Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans (Select) الضرائب (Conference)
Standing committees, Defunct committees