كانتون فريبورگ

Canton of Fribourg

*Canton de Fribourg* (فرنسية)
*Kanton Freiburg* (ألمانية)
Canton of Freiburg
Canton of Fribourg Canton de Fribourg (فرنسية); Kanton Freiburg (ألمانية) Canton of Freiburg
Canton
	Flag Coat of arms Brandmark
	Location in Switzerland خريطة فريبورگ ;
	الإحداثيات: 46°43′N 7°5′E / 46.717°N 7.083°E
العاصمة	Fribourg/Freiburg
Subdivisions	168 municipalities، 7 districts
الحكومة
• Executive	Conseil d'Etat/Staatsrat (7)
• Legislative	Grand Council of Fribourg (130)
المساحة
• الإجمالي	1٬671٫42 كم² (645٫34 ميل²)
التعداد (December 2015)
• الإجمالي	307٬461
• الكثافة	180/km2 (480/sq mi)
GDP
• Total	CHF 19.180 billion (2020)
• Per capita	CHF 59,263 (2020)
ISO 3166 code	CH-FR
Highest point	2,389 m (7,838 ft): Vanil Noir
Lowest point	429 m (1,407 ft): shore Lake Neuchâtel
Joined	1481
Languages	French, German
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.fr.ch

كانتون فريبورگ ( canton of Fribourg ؛ فرنسية: Canton de Fribourg fr; ألمانية: Kanton Freiburg de; Arpitan: Canton de Fribôrg [cɛ̃ˈtɔ̃ də fʁiˈbwa] ( استمع) رومانش: Chantun Friburg; إيطالية: Canton Friburgo) هو أحد كانتونات سويسرا. يقع في غرب البلاد. عاصمة الكانتون هي مدينة فريبورگ. The canton is bilingual, with French spoken by more than two thirds of the citizens and German by a little more than a quarter.^[4] Both are official languages in the canton. The canton takes its name from its capital city of Fribourg.

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التاريخ

On the shores of Lake Neuchâtel and Lake Morat significant traces of prehistoric settlements have been unearthed.

The canton of Fribourg joined the Swiss Confederation in 1481. The area is made up of lands acquired by the capital Fribourg. The present extent was reached in 1803 when Murten (Morat) was acquired. The canton of Fribourg joined the separatist league of Catholic cantons in 1846 (Sonderbund). The following year, its troops surrendered to the federal army.

الجغرافيا

Fribourg Prealps: Dent de Brenleire (2358 m, to the right) and Vanil Noir (2389 m, in the background)

The canton is bounded to the west by Lake Neuchâtel, to the west and the south by the canton of Vaud, and to the east by the canton of Bern. The canton includes two enclaves within Vaud and one within the canton of Bern, as well as a large exclave on the lake; it also enclaves the Bernese municipality of Münchenwiler. The area of the canton is 1,669 square kilometers (644.4 sq mi), including the small enclaves.

The canton lies on the elevated Swiss Plateau. In the west the lands are flat, but towards the south east of the canton, the lands rise to a hilly region. This region is commonly called pre-Alps but is part of the Bernese Alps. The highest elevation in the canton is the Vanil Noir with 2,389 m (7,838 ft).

The river Saane/Sarine flows from the south to the north of the canton. Together with its tributaries it drains most of the lands in the canton, then joins the river Aare. The river Broye drains the west of the canton and flows northeast into Lake Morat (Murtensee). The southwest part of the canton is drained by the river Veveyse, which flows south into Lake Geneva (فرنسية: Le Léman).

التقسيمات السياسية

الأحياء

أحياء كانتون فريبورگ

ينقسم الكانتون إلى 7 أحياء:

Broye capital Estavayer-le-Lac
Glâne capital Romont
Gruyère (German Greyerz) capital Bulle
Saane (French Sarine) capital Fribourg
See (French District du Lac) capital Murten
Sense (French Singine) capital Tafers
Veveyse (German Vivisbach) capital Châtel-Saint-Denis

البلديات

الديموغرافيا

In contrast to the mainly Protestant cantons of Vaud to its west and Bern to its east, the canton of Fribourg is a predominantly Catholic enclave (اعتبارا من 2000^[تحديث], 70%) with a Protestant minority (15%).^[5] This explains why the canton straddles the French-German linguistic border, for in the past, denominational considerations were more important than linguistic when drawing Switzerland's cantonal borders.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

The main centres of population are the capital Fribourg (34,300 inhabitants) and Bulle (18,200 inhabitants).^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Two thirds of the population speak French; the remainder speak Alemannic dialects of German. The French-speaking areas are in the west of the canton, the Alemannic-speaking areas in the east. The number of bilingual towns, and consequently the large number of people who can speak both French and German fluently, has attracted businesses such as telesales companies. The population of the canton (as of قالب:Swiss populations date) is 307٬461.^[6] اعتبارا من 2007^[تحديث], the population included 43,838 foreign-born residents, or about 16.65% of the total population.^[7]

Historical population

The historical population is given in the following table:

Historic Population Data^[8]
Year	Total Population	Swiss	Non-Swiss	Population share of total country
1850	99 891	98 556	1 335	4.2%
1870	114 994	113 219	1 775	4.1%
1900	127,951	123,579	4,372	3.9%
1950	158,695	154,527	4,168	3.4%
1970	180,309	163,503	16,806	2.9%
2000	241,706	206,182	35,524	3.3%
2020	325,496			3.8%

الاقتصاد

Agriculture is important in the canton of Fribourg. The main agricultural activities are cattle breeding and dairy farming. The region is a major cheese producer, especially the district of Gruyère, home of the cheese of the same name. The chocolate industry is also well established in Broc, home to an international chocolate research centre.^[9] Other agricultural produces include tobacco, fruit and cereals. Agriculture is predominant in the north of the canton where the most fertile lands lie.

There is light industry concentrated around the capital Fribourg. Other centres of light industry are Bulle, Villars-sur-Glâne, Düdingen (Guin), Murten (Morat) and Estavayer-le-Lac. These five centers have also a large number of established small and medium-sized businesses, many of which are in the service sector. Forests are important in the La Gruyère (Greyerz) district.

Power plants in the district of Sarine export electricity. The mountain areas attract tourists all year round. The lake regions are frequented by tourists in summer and autumn.

النقل

Transports publics Fribourgeois bus station in Fribourg

The canton of Fribourg is well connected to other areas of Switzerland with motorways A1, A12 and fast rail links. The main railway between Geneva and Lausanne in the south west to Bern and Zürich connects Fribourg with other centres of the country. Connections within the canton are mostly provided by the Transports Publics Fribourgeois, with numerous bus routes and trains connecting the main towns.

Politics

Federal election results

Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the Federal Elections 1971-2019^[10]
Party	Ideology	1971	1975	1979	1983	1987	1991	1995	1999	2003	2007	2011	2015	2019
FDP.The Liberals^[1]	Classical liberalism	24.7	22.1	23.0	20.0	16.7	16.1	15.9	14.8	12.8	13.8	12.8	14.2	14.4
CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD	Christian democracy	41.5	46.9	39.9	38.0	37.7	36.8	36.0	33.7	25.4	24.8	20.3	22.7	14.4
SP/PS	Social democracy	19.9	25.7	30.7	24.0	22.2	18.6	17.3	20.3	21.5	22.7	26.7	24.2	17.4
SVP/UDC	Swiss nationalism	8.7	4.3	6.4	8.8	8.9	9.7	8.3	11.4	21.4	22.0	21.4	25.9	19.2
EVP/PEV	Christian democracy	*^[2]	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7
CSP/PCS	Christian socialism	5.3	*	*	7.5	6.9	7.7	8.7	10.9	10.4	7.1	5.5	1.8	3.3
GLP/PVL	Green liberalism	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	3.5	3.2	3.8
BDP/PBD	Conservatism	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	1.9	1.3	0.7
PdA/PST-POP/PC/PSL	Socialism	*	*	*	*	*	*	0.9	*	*	*	*	*	*
GPS/PES	Green politics	*	*	*	*	4.2	^[3]	2.3	*	4.0	6.3	5.0	5.3	12.5
FGA	Feminist	*	*	*	*	1.7	^[4]	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
SD/DS	National conservatism	*	*	*	*	*	1.4	0.9	0.3	*	*	*	*	*
EDU/UDF	Christian right	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	0.7	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.7
Other		*	1.0	*	1.7	1.9	9.6	9.7	8.6	3.1	1.6	1.5	*	12.9
Voter participation %		53.5	47.7	48.6	52.9	46.3	45.0	39.5	41.2	45.4	48.0	47.2	47.2	43.0

^a FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009

^b "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.

^c Included under "Other" in this election.

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انظر أيضا

[[List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland]*Franco-Provençal language
List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland
Franco-Provençal language
Fribourg State Archives

المصادر

^ Arealstatistik Land Cover - Kantone und Grossregionen nach 6 Hauptbereichen accessed 27 October 2017
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB, online database – Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit (بالألمانية) accessed 30 August 2016
^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (2021-01-21). "Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) nach Grossregion und Kanton - 2008-2018 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik (in الألمانية). Retrieved 2023-07-01.
^ "Annuaire statistique du canton de Fribourg – Statistisches Jahrbuch des Kantons Freiburg – 2014" (PDF; 8,95 MB) (in الفرنسية and الألمانية). Fribourg, Switzerland: Amt für Statistik des Staates Freiburg. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^ Federal Department of Statistics (2004). "Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion". Archived from the original (Interactive Map) on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB, online database – Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit (بالألمانية) accessed 30 August 2016
^ Federal Department of Statistics (2008). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
^ "Freiburg (Kanton)". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (in الألمانية). Retrieved 2022-01-25.
^ "Nestle to launch personalized luxury chocolates". reuters.com. Reuters. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
^ Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%). Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html. Retrieved on 5 August 2016.