قالب:Solar System Infobox/Sun

الشمس Sun Sun symbol.png
The Sun seen through X-ray
بيانات المراقبة
Mean distance
from Earth
1.496×108 km
8 min 19 s at light speed
Visual brightness (V) −26.74 [1]
Absolute magnitude 4.83 [1]
Spectral classification G2V
Metallicity Z = 0.0177 [2]
Angular size 31.6′ – 32.7′ [3]
Adjectives solar
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance
from Milky Way core
~2.5×1017 km
26000 light-years
Galactic period (2.25–2.50)×108 a
Velocity ~220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Galaxy)
~20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood)
396.5±3.0 km/s[4] (relative to the cosmic microwave background)
الخصائص الفيزيائية
Mean diameter 1.392×106 km [1]
109 × الأرض
Equatorial radius 6.955×105 km [5]
109 × Earth[5]
Equatorial circumference 4.379×106 km [5]
109 × Earth[5]
Flattening 9×10−6
Surface area 6.0877×1012 km2 [5]
11990 × Earth[5]
Volume 1.412×1018 km3 [5]
1300000 × Earth
Mass 1.9891×1030 kg [1]
332900 × Earth[5]
Average density 1.408×103 kg/m3 [1][5][6]
Different Densities Core: 1.5×105 kg/m3
lower Photosphere: 2×10−4 kg/m3
lower Chromosphere: 5×10−6 kg/m3
Avg. Corona: 1×10−12 kg/m3 [7]
Equatorial surface gravity 274.0 m/s2 [1]
27.94 g
28 × Earth[5]
Escape velocity
(from the surface)
617.7 km/s [5]
55 × Earth[5]
Temperature
of core
~15.7×106 K [1]
Temperature
of surface (effective)
5778 K [1]
Temperature
of corona
~5×106 K
Luminosity (Lsol) 3.846×1026 W [1]
~3.75×1028 lm
~98 lm/W efficacy
Mean Intensity (Isol) 2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1
خصائص الدوران
Obliquity 7.25° [1]
(to the ecliptic)
67.23°
(to the galactic plane)
Right ascension
of North pole[8]
286.13°
19h 4min 30s
Declination
of North pole
+63.87°
63°52' North
Sidereal rotation period
(at equator)
25.05 days [1]
(at 16° latitude) 25.38 days [1]
25d 9h 7min 13s [8]
(at poles) 34.3 days [1]
Rotation velocity
(at equator)
7.189×103 km/h [5]
Photospheric composition (by mass)
هيدروجين 73.46%[9]
هيليوم 24.85%
أكسجين 0.77%
كربون 0.29%
حديد 0.16%
كبريت 0.12%
نيون 0.12%
نيتروجين 0.09%
سليكون 0.07%
مغنسيوم 0.05%

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش Williams, D.R. (2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  2. ^ قالب:Cite arxiv
  3. ^ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA.
  4. ^ Kogut, A. (1993). "Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First-Year Sky Maps". Astrophysical Journal. 419: 1–6. doi:10.1086/173453. قالب:ArXiv. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-01-02.
  6. ^ Elert, G. (ed.). "The Physics Factbook".
  7. ^ "Principles of Spectroscopy". University of Michigan: Astronomy Departement. 2007.
  8. ^ أ ب Seidelmann, P. K.; Abalakin, V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; de Bergh, C.; Lieske, J.H.; Oberst, J.; Simon, J.L.; Standish, E.M.; Stooke, P.; Thomas, P.C. (2000). "Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000". Retrieved 2006-03-22.
  9. ^ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 2008-07-29., citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. ناسا. p. 37. NASA SP-402.