غونين غومي
گونين گومي (五人組) Gonin Gumi كانت جماعات من خمس عائلات (بيوت) كانت مسئولة جماعياً، بشكل مماثل لنظام فريث-بور في إنگلترة، أثناء فترة إدو من التاريخ الياباني. All households in the shogunate were members of such a group, with all members of the group held responsible for the good conduct of all of the other members, and of their dependents. The responsibility included responsibility for crime and for non-payment of taxes.[1][2]
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استعراض عام
When the Tokugawa Shogunate came to power, they implemented a patriarchal system in Japan by reinforcing organized farming villages. The Gonin Gumi, which was introduced in January 1725, was an integral part of this policy.[3] The Japanese official register declared that members of the collective are "duty bound to keep watch not only over the doings of their families, but also of their employees and tenants, as they are responsible to the Government for actions of these people."[3] The Gonin Gumi were primarily aimed at combating the vagabondage and brigandage of the time, including mutual defence against the rōnin. Some sources underscored that this system was established for the purpose of taxation and the peasant households that constitute each Gonin Gumi were jointly held responsible for a member's inability to pay.[4]
The Gonin Gumi was headed by a leader who was usually elected from within, but sometimes appointed from above. In Kyoto, an elder called machi toshiyori led the grouping, with three member-representatives helping him in the administration.[5] The groups did not always contain five households. In some districts, the groups could comprise six, or even ten, households.[1] The Gonin Gumi is reorganized annually and those who leave and do not join other groups are punished after a trial.[3]
The Gonin Gumi are sometimes erroneously conflated with the ryo-donari (両隣) or muko-sangen (向こう三軒), which are informal social institutions. The Gonin Gumi were formal institutions, involved in law enforcement.[1]
انظر أيضاً
المراجع
- ^ أ ب ت Joseph H. Longford (1996). The Tokugawa epoch. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 9780415154178.
- ^ Jennifer Lea Anderson (1991). An Introduction to Japanese Tea Ritual. SUNY Press. p. 263. ISBN 9780791407493.
- ^ أ ب ت Takekoshi, Yosaburo (2016). The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1. London: Routledge. p. 395. ISBN 9781136523731.
- ^ Read, Benjamin; Pekkanen, Robert (2009). Local Organizations and Urban Governance in East and Southeast Asia: Straddling State and Society. Oxon: Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 978-0203876152.
- ^ Durães, Margarida; Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette; Ferrer, Llorenc; Kok, Jan (2009). The Transmission of Well-being: Gendered Marriage Strategies and Inheritance Systems in Europe (17th-20th Centuries). Bern: Peter Lang. p. 509. ISBN 9783034300568.