غارات مصر على ميناء إيلات
The war of attrition in the naval arena was characterized by continuous fighting between Israel and Egypt, which included the activity of vessels, naval commando units and aircraft. The focus of the events was in the sector of the Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez with secondary arenas along the Gulf of Eilat , the northern coast of the Sinai Peninsula , and the shipping lanes and ports in West Africa . Additional scenes of conflict developed between Israel and the Palestinian terrorists, along the Lebanese coast, the Jordan River and in Egypt at Bab al-Mandab .
The period is characterized by a great growth of the Israeli Navy in building a force of assault ships , T-series submarines , naval commando boats, patrol ships ( Bees and Mosquitoes ). The Israeli Navy improved its operational organization and new control bases were established on the Sinai, Mediterranean and Dead Sea coasts . Maintenance facilities were established in Haifa, Ashdod and Eilat, the training base was equipped with computerized training facilities, and the corps headquarters was moved to the Kirya base in Tel Aviv.
The main activity in the maritime arena was the extraction of oil in the west of the Sinai Peninsula and the Gulf of Suez and its transportation to Eilat. Half of Israel's oil consumption was supplied this way.
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تفاصيل العملية
At the beginning of 1968, Israel received 2 ships from the United States . One was the “Batsheva” along with 7 floating armored cars, and the other was the landing ship “Bat-Yam” for transporting personnel. Using its air superiority , Israel carried out several operations off the eastern coast of Egypt, striking Zafrana , where Israeli soldiers entered for 15 hours while Israeli aircraft covered the ships. The High Command decided to conduct a series of military operations in order to get rid of the ships at any cost and decided to involve the Egyptian Navy and Air Force , but, understanding the high air losses that an airstrike in the depths of Israeli territory would lead to, Gamal Nasser agreed to the Navy commander’s proposal to conduct the operation using saboteur swimmers . It was known that it was from there that Israeli ships departed, later plying the Gulf in the vicinity of Sharm el-Sheikh . Sabotage groups of swimmers of 2 people were created, which were located in the neighboring port of Aqaba in Jordan and Hurghada .
الهجوم على بات يام
On November 15-16, 1969, Egyptian swimmers attacked the Bat Yam, severely damaging it and sinking several commercial ships [1] , but in May 1970 it was destroyed in a second attack.
الهجوم على السفينتين "بات شيفع" و "هيدروما"
On February 5-6, 1970, Egyptian swimmers attacked the Batsheva and Gidroma ships, sinking the first and severely damaging the second [1] , which was repaired by April.
حرب أكتوبر
During the Yom Kippur War, Egypt blocked maritime traffic into Eilat by mining the Gulf of Eilat and attempting to blockade the Israelis in the Mediterranean as well
Hostilities began shortly after the announcement of the ceasefire in the Six Day War , even before the announcement by the President of Egypt , Gamal Abdel Nasser , on March 8, 1969 , of the beginning of the war of attrition. The entry before us deals with the combat activity in the naval arena until the beginning of the official ceasefire on August 8, 1970 , although combat activity, in the naval arena and in other arenas, continued even after that, until the Yom Kippur War
المسئولون الإسرائيليون أثناء الحرب
On the Israeli side, the fighting was led by: the Prime Minister , Golda Meir , the Minister of Defense , Moshe Dayan , the Chief of Staff , Haim Bar-Lev , the Commander of the Southern Command , Ariel Sharon , the Commander of the Air Force , Mordechai Hod .
The commanders of the navy during the war were the generals: Shlomo Arel who was replaced in September 1968 by Avraham Butzer .
The oil production in Sinai was carried out by the Oil Routes Company managed by Mordechai Friedman and Dan Kimchi.
Fleet 13 carried most of the offensive initiative of the Israeli Navy in the war of attrition. Its commanders were Lt. Col. Dov Shapir , who was replaced in May 1968 by Lt. Col. Ze'ev Almog .
البحرية المصرية
The Egyptian navy was prepared during the war of attrition in great force with vessels of various types. The navy, which was not harmed at all in the Six Day War, was spread out at two bases in the Mediterranean - the main base in the port of Alexandria and the forward base for operations against Israel in the port of Port Said . Most of the vessels were of Soviet manufacture. The order of forces included: 12 W model submarines , during the period 6 of which were replaced by the newer R model. Six destroyers , of which four are of the Skori model , 19 ships carrying sea-to-sea Styx missiles , of which 12 are of the Osa model carrying 4 missiles and 7 of the Kumar model with two missiles. Thirty torpedoes, of which 6 are the Shershan model and 24 are the P183 model. Model T43 destroyers and 12 SO1 model anti-submarine ships.[1]The Egyptian Navy had a commando unit, which was used during the war for the first time in the field of naval sabotage.
Part of the force, which included four destroyers, two submarines, 3 missile ships, four torpedoes and two escort ships, is in the bases in the Red Sea , Ardaka Spaja and Ras Banas. Since the Suez Canal was blocked and it was not possible to exchange vessels between the arenas.
A different type of weapon system that entered the Egyptian navy, and was operated under the guidance of the Soviets, were 130 mm radar -guided gun batteries . These cannons had an effective range of about 20 km. The batteries that were particularly troublesome were those near the port of Port Said in the Mediterranean Sea and the Bars Mahjra battery in the north of the Gulf of Suez . The batteries operated during the War of Attrition and the peak of their operation was in the Yom Kippur War. The battery volleys were accurate and only By chance the vessels got out of their firing range unscathed.
الفلسطينيون
The Palestinians established naval sabotage groups in Lebanon , and received training and instruction from Arab armies. The terrorists had fishing boats and speedboats. Their armament included small arms , grenades, machine guns and rocket launchers. A group based in Yemen operated a speed boat and rockets.
Cruises were held by Palestinians between Lebanon and the Gaza Strip . Some of them were captured by the Israeli Navy. About half of the captured boats turned out to be for smuggling goods to the Gaza Strip.
أدوار القوى العظمى
During the period in question, Britain , which used to be an important factor in the Middle East , gave up its base in Malta and reduced its presence in the Mediterranean. This is in contrast to the greatly increased presence of the Soviet Navy and the Sixth Fleet of the United States .
France , which was considered a friend of Israel and provided for its security needs, changed its attitude. The selective embargo that was imposed before the Six Day War can continue to be equipped with security needs in France. The tightening of the embargo in 1969 hindered the supply. The ambition of the French president, Charles de Gaulle , to position France as a power that works in parallel with Israel and the Arabs and thus lead the Middle East to peace, has not been realized. Israel has lost faith in French leadership.[2]
In view of the French embargo on Israel, the United States began to supply Israel's military needs. On September 30, 1970, President Richard Nixon visited the Eastern Mediterranean, the Sixth Fleet of the United States and Yugoslavia . The American Secretary of Defense visited Greece and Turkey . This is in view of the crisis in Jordan , and in view of the strengthening of the Soviet fleet in the Mediterranean and the growing Soviet involvement in the region. Tightening of US-Israel relations . American weapons were sent to Israel to balance Soviet influence.
The Soviets wanted to bring the Arabs closer to them and close the crisis of confidence that was created following their defeat in the Six Day War. During the period, a large Soviet naval force was built in the Mediterranean region , which was based in the ports of Egypt and Syria. A reconnaissance ship was permanently stationed about 40 nautical miles from the coast of Israel to receive transmissions and monitor the sailing and the Israeli Navy . The Soviets supplied the Egyptian navy with Osa-type missile ships and submarines. Soviet advisers instructed the Egyptian navy in the use of means of warfare, command of vessels, surface vessels and submarines, training of commanders and vessel crews to conduct naval battles, to attack targets on the coast of Israel, to locate and damage Israeli submarines, to intercept forces on the coast of Israel, and to defend the coast of Egypt, the naval bases, and various essential facilities.
The Soviet advisers were partners in the planning and participated in the operational activity of the Egyptian Navy - the sinking of the destroyer Eilat , the shelling of the IDF outposts in Romani. Under the initiative of the Soviet advisers, the Egyptians conducted seven submarine operations during which they gathered intelligence on targets along the coast of Israel without being detected.[3]
الأوسمة والتكريم
After the operation to unfurl the rubber boats with the Israeli flag in the Suez Canal in the face of direct fire from the Egyptians, six soldiers were decorated: Samer Uri Bari, Corporal Yitzhak Dorhochenko, Samer Gil Chai, Major Avishi Yosef, Corporal Avraham (Vidomlansky) Yassur and Lieutenant Yaakov Kahanov b The masterpiece decoration .
In the operations to rescue the victims from the sinking of the destroyer Eilat , Sgt. Nissim Atias, Major Shimon Ben David, Lt. Aryeh Marmari, Corporal Alexander Nistor, Corporal Yair Rubio, and Lt. Natan Motoki were decorated with the exemplary decoration . Even earlier, Sergeant Nissim Attias, Major Shimon Ben David, Lieutenant Aryeh Marmari, and Corporal Aryeh Schwartz were commended by the Navy Commander.
Following the raid on Green Island, the decoration of heroism was awarded to lieutenant Ami Ilon , the decoration of courage to lieutenant Gil Lavi, the decoration of excellence to lieutenant Ilan Aguzi , captain Dov Bar , lieutenant Gadi Kroll and first sergeant Zalman Roth.
Civil decoration for a Greek captain
On April 11, 1977, Minister of Transportation Gad Jacobi awarded the medal of excellence to Captain Moskos Marcus, the captain of the Coral Sea tanker , for saving the ship from a fire after a terrorist attack with rockets on June 11, 1971.[38]
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Decorations on the Egyptian side
The Egyptians expressed appreciation for the activity of their naval commandos in the port of Eilat. In January 2014, Defense Minister Abdel-Fattah Al-Sisi awarded the military star decorations to retired Ra'ad Yami Omar Ali Ezz al-Din, and retired Ra'ad Yami Nabil Mahmoud Abdel Wahab and to Ra'ad Yami (who is no longer alive) Hassan Ali Jayoush, as a token of appreciation for carrying out the raids on the Port of Eilat in the War of Attrition. Nabil Mahmoud Abdel-Wahhab previously received a certificate of appreciation from the commander of the Egyptian Navy and the Medal of Courage from Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser .
Combat officers Ami Ilon and Gil Hai from Sheitat 13 receive a commendation following the raid on Green Island.
Navy Commander General Avraham Butzer congratulates Capt. Dov Bar and Sgt. Zalman Roth who won the exemplary decoration for their activities in the raid on Green Island.
The Certificate of Excellence awarded by Transport Minister Gad Jacobi to Chief Naval Officer Marcus Moskos for his skill in damage control for the Coral Sea tanker after it was attacked by Egyptian rockets in Bab El Mandav was given on April 11, 1977.
عبد الفتاح السيسي awards a medal of honor to retired Major عمر علي عز الدين علي for the naval sabotage operation في إيلات أثناء حرب الاستنزاف، 11 يناير 2014.
الهامش