عبر الهيمالايا
| |
|---|---|
 Part of the Nyenchen Tanglha range in the Trans himalayas | |
| أعلى نقطة | |
| القمة | Mount Nyenchen Tanglha |
| الارتفاع | 7,162 m (23,497 ft) |
| الأبعاد | |
| الطول | 1,600 km (990 mi) |
| الجغرافيا | |
| الولاية | Tibet |
| نطاق الإحداثيات | 30°23′00″N 90°34′31″E / 30.383427°N 90.5752890°E |
| السلسلة الأم | Alpine orogeny, Tibetan Plateau (perimeter range) |
The Trans himalaya (also spelled Trans-Himalaya), or "Gangdise – Nyenchen Tanglha range" (صينية: 冈底斯-念青唐古拉山脉؛ پنين: Gāngdǐsī-Niànqīngtánggǔlā Shānmài�), is a 1,600-kilometre-long (990 mi) mountain range in China, India and Nepal, extending in a west–east direction parallel to the main Himalayan range.[1][2] Located north of Yarlung Tsangpo river on the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, the Transhimalaya is composed of the Gangdise range to the west and the Nyenchen Tanglha range to the east.
The name Transhimalaya was introduced by the Swedish geographer Sven Hedin in early 20th century.[3] The Transhimalaya was described by the Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer in 1952 as an "ill-defined mountain area" with "no marked crest line or central alignment and no division by rivers." On more-modern maps the Kailas Range (Gangdise or Kang-to-sé Shan) in the west is shown as distinct from the Nyenchen Tanglha range in the east.[4]
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الجيولوجيا
The Transhimalayas are geologically distinct from the other Himalayan ranges. They were probably formed by subduction of sediments from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. A consensus of different dating methods suggests that the older parts of this range formed in the upper Cretaceous (82-113 Mya), while the younger regions formed in the Eocene (40-60 Mya).[1]
المناخ
The Transhimalays generally have a cold, arid montane climate. For example, the Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh, India, has an annual rainfall of about 170 mm.[2] However, studies in Mustang District, Nepal, indicate that climate change is warming the Transhimalayas at a rate of about 0.13 degrees a year.[5]
التنوع الحيوي
The Transhimalayas generally have low species diversity (and vegetation cover) and are classified as dry alpine steppes. However, a study in the Spiti region found 23 medicinal plants. Previous surveys in this region had found a total of over 800 species of vascular plants.[2]
The Transhimalayas are home to the once endangered snow leopard, the Eurasian lynx, Tibetan wolf, red fox and Tibetan fox. Native herbivores include the argali, Tibetan gazelle, urial, wild ass or kiang, Asiatic ibex, yak and bharal.[2]
النزاع والحفاظ
The Tibetan wolf, snow leopard and lynx are major predators of livestock in the Ladakh region of India. Goats, sheep, yak and horses were their most common prey.[6] In Mustang, Nepal, rising temperatures and declining snowfall are reducing the area available for agriculture, forcing villagers to relocate and reducing grassland and forest cover. This has also led to bharal shifting to lower elevations, where they raid crops. In turn, this attracts snow leopards to human settlements, where they prey on livestock.[5]
On the other hand, many wild herbivores are out-competed and displaced by livestock.[7][8] A historical analysis suggests that the Transhimalayas have lost four wild herbivores over the last millennium or so of human habitation.[9] Many parts of the Transhimalayas are now conserved. These include the Kangrinboqê National Forest Park in China, the Pin Valley National Park (675 sq. km.) and Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary (1400 sq. km.) in India and parts of the Annapurna Conservation Area (7,629 sq. km.) in Nepal.[2] In addition to protecting species diversity, restoration of the native Transhimalayan grasslands has also been found to trap more carbon in the soil, mitigating climate change.[10]
معرض صور
Location of Transhimalaya which includes Lhasa Terrane. In the north, Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone separates Transhimalaya from the Qiangtang terrane. In the south, Indus-Yarlung suture zone separates it from Himalayas.
Tectonic map of the Himalaya, modified after Le Fort & Cronin (1988). Red is Transhimalaya. Green is Indus-Yarlung suture zone, north of which lies Lhasa terrane, follow by Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone and then Qiangtang terrane.
انظر أيضاً
- Transhimalaya, includes the following two
References
Citations
- ^ أ ب Debon, Francois (1986). "The Four Plutonic Belts of the Transhimalaya-Himalaya: a Chemical, Mineralogical, Isotopic, and Chronological Synthesis along a Tibet-Nepal Section". Journal of Petrology. 27 (1): 219–250. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1018.511. doi:10.1093/petrology/27.1.219. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Kala, Chandra Prakash (2000). "Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya". Biological Conservation. 93 (3): 371–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00128-7.
- ^ Hedin, Sven (1910). Trans-Himalaya. Nature, pp. 367–369.
- ^ Allen 2013, p. 142.
- ^ أ ب Aryal, Achyut (2013). "Impact of climate change on human-wildlife-ecosystem interactions in the Trans-Himalaya region of Nepal" (PDF). Theor Appl Climatol. Wien: Springer-Verlag. 115 (3–4): 517. Bibcode:2014ThApC.115..517A. doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0902-4. S2CID 120932741. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ Namgail, Tsewang (2007). "Carnivore-Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya". Environ Manage. Springer. 39 (4): 490–496. doi:10.1007/s00267-005-0178-2. PMID 17318699. S2CID 30967502.
- ^ Mishra, Charudutt (2004). "Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya". Journal of Applied Ecology. British Ecological Society. 41 (2): 344–354. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00885.x.
- ^ Mishra, Charudutt (2001). High-altitude survival: Conflicts between pastoralism and wildlife in the Trans-Himalaya (in English and Dutch). The Netherlands: Wageningen University.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Mishra, Charudutt (2002). "A theoretical analysis of competitive exclusion in a Trans-Himalayan large-herbivore assemblage". Animal Conservation. 5 (3): 251–258. doi:10.1017/S1367943002002305. S2CID 55372179.
- ^ Wang, Dangjun (2022). "Responses of soil microbial metabolic activity and community structure to different degraded and restored grassland gradients of the Tibetan Plateau". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 770315. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.770315. PMC 9024238. PMID 35463442.
المصادر
- Allen, Charles (2013-01-17). A Mountain in Tibet: The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of Asia. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4055-2497-1. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
- Le Fort, P.; Cronin, V. S. (1 September 1988). "Granites in the Tectonic Evolution of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Southern Tibet". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 326 (1589): 281–299. Bibcode:1988RSPTA.326..281F. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0088. S2CID 202574726.