عملية صولة الفرسان

Coordinates: 30°30′00″N 47°48′00″E / 30.5000°N 47.8000°E / 30.5000; 47.8000
(تم التحويل من صولة الفرسان)
عملية صولة الفرسان (2008)
جزء من الحرب الأهلية العراقية (2006-2008) (الغزو الأمريكي للعراق)
Basra location.PNG
Location of Basra
التاريخ25 مارس – 24 أبريل 2008
الموقع
البصرة، العراق
النتيجة نصر استراتيجي للجيش العراقي
التغيرات
الإقليمية		 انسحاب جيش المهدي من مدينة البصرة
المتحاربون

Flag of Iraq.svg العراق
 الولايات المتحدة
Flag of the United Kingdom.png المملكة المتحدة
 كردستان العراق[1]

Badr Brigades[2]

Mahdi Army[3]
Special Groups
Fadhila Militia[4]

Flag of Jihad.svg Thar Allah[بحاجة لمصدر]
القادة والزعماء
العراق PM Nouri al-Maliki
Lt. Gen. Ali Ghaidan Majid
Lt. Gen. Mohan al-Furayji
Maj. Gen. Fadhil Jalil al-Barwari		 Muqtada al-Sadr
Flag of Jihad.svg Shiek Ali al-Sauidi[5]
Flag of Jihad.svg Yusuf al-Mosawi # أُعدِم[بحاجة لمصدر]
الوحدات المشاركة
  • Mahdi Army
  • Fadhila Militia
  • Thar Allah
    • القوى

    Iraqi Security Forces

    		16,000[بحاجة لمصدر]
    الضحايا والخسائر
    Losses in personnel:
    30 killed (15 soldiers,[8]
    15 policemen[9][10]);
    400 wounded;[8]
    1,000–4,000 defected or captured[11]
    Losses in equipment:
    1 Mi-17 helicopter shot down[12]
    1 BMP-1 and 5 Dzik armored vehicles destroyed[13][14][15]
    9 armored vehicles captured    		 210 killed,
    600 wounded
    155 captured (Iraqi Interior Ministry claim)[16]
    Civilian casualties:
    50 killed[17][18]


    صولة الفرسان وتُعرف أيضاً بـ"معركة البصرة 2008" كانت جهدا حكومياً عراقياً في عهد نوري المالكي ضد جيش المهدي لوقف مذابحه ضد السنة وضد الفلسطينيين. بدأت في 25 مارس 2008، عندما أطلق الجيش العراقي عملية عسكرية لطرد ميليشيا جيش المهدي من مدينة البصرة جنوب العراق. وكانت أول عملية كبرى يخطط لها وينفذها الجيش العراقي منذ غزو عام 2003.

    وشاركت طائرات التحالف والقوات الجوية العراقية بدوريات في سماء البصرة لتوفير المعلومات الاستخبارية وتنفيذ الغارات الجوية لدعم القوات العراقية على الأرض. كما قدمت قوات التحالف فريق انتقالي عسكري (MiTTs) في وحدات الجيش العراقي، كما أجرت القوات الخاصة الأمريكية عمليات مشتركة مع وحدات القوات الخاصة العراقية.[19]

    وواجهت القوات العراقية مقاومة شديدة من ميليشيا جيش المهدي داخل المدينة أدى لتوقف الهجوم، وتطلب دعماً جوياً ومدفعياً من القواتالأمريكية والبريطانية. وأسفرت العملية عن أكثر من 1000 ضحية خلال ستة أيام من القتال العنيف.[20]

    في أعقاب وقف إطلاق النار الذي جرى التفاوض عليه في إيران في 31 مارس، والذ اقتضى بسحب مقتدى الصدر مقاتليه من الشوارع، لكنه حقق له نصراً سياسياً كبيراً. ومع ذلك، استمر الجيش العراقي، المعزز بألوية من منطق أخرى من العراق، منها الفرقة الأولى من الأنبار، بتنفيذ عمليات تطهير أبطأ وأكثر دقة في معاقل الميليشيات. كما نفذت وحدة الأسلحة والتكتيكات الخاصة في الحلة، وقوات العمليات الخاصة العراقية، عدداً من العمليات التي استهدفت قادة الميليشيات. وبحلول 20 أبريل، سيطر الجيش العراقي على آخرمعقل رئيسي كان يسيطر عليها جيش المهدي، وبحلول 24 أبريل، قالت القوات العراقية بسطت سيطرتها بشكل كامل على المدينة.[21][22]

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    خلفية العملية

    للمزيد من المعلومات: معركة البصرة (2003) and حصار القواعد البريطانية للبصرة

    أثناء غزو العراق، كانت البصرة أول مدينة تسقط في أيدي قوات التحالف، بعد أسبوعين من القتال بين القوات البريطانية والعراقية. وبعد انهيار الحكومة العراقية، ظهرت عدد من الجماعات الإسلامية الشيعية، بما في ذلك التيار الصدري بقيادة مقتدى الصدر، والمجلس الإسلامي العراقي الأعلى و حزب الفضيلة الإسلامي، وتمكنوا من ترسيخ نفوذهم في البصرة، وعززوا مكانتهم بعد انتخابات يناير 2005، بحيث أصبحت البصرة مركزاً لنشاط التهريب في العراق، بما في ذلك تهريب السجائر والأفيون من أفغانستان عبر إيران وتهريب النفط والغاز والأسلحة. وتزايد العنف بشكل مطرد مع تنافس الأطراف الثلاثة للسيطرة على موارد البصرة خلال عامي 2005 و2006. كما تزايدت الهجمات على القوات البريطانية التي استخدم فيها عبوات خارقة للدروع متطورة جرى تهريبها من إيران.[23] ما اجبر البريطانيين على البقاء في قواعدهم، والتي استهدفتها الميليشيات بالصواريخ وقذائف الهاون بشكل منتظم. كما فرض جيش المهدي حكماً إسلامياً صارماً في البصرة، حيث هدد النساء لوضعهن مساحيق التجميل ومعاقبة الأفراد الذين يعزفون الموسيقى.[24] وفي أواخر سبتمبر 2006، أطلقت القوات البريطانية عملية السندباد، وهي عملية مدتها ستة أشهر كان الهدف منها فرض السيطرة الأمنية، ولكنها في النهاية استهدفت الميليشيات بشكال مباشرة. إلا أن القوات البريطانية لم يكن لديهاأعداد كافية لذلك، ورغم من الانخفاض المؤقت في أعمال العنف، تعرضت القوات البريطانية للهجوم مجدداً وانسحبت إلى مواقعها في القصر والمطار.[24]

    وأعاد الجيش البريطاني السيطرة على البصرة إلى القوات العراقية في ديسمبر 2007 وانحصر تمركز قواته على مطار المدينة.[19]

    وكان هناك فصيلان شيعيان قويان، يتنافسان من أجل السيطرة في البصرة، هما المجلس الإسلامي العراقي الأعلى وأتباع مقتدى الصدر، الذي كان يعيش في إيران، إلى جانب حزب شيعي أصغر، هو حزب الفضيلة الإسلامي.[25]--> وفي شباط 2008، جدد أتباع مقتدى الصدر وقف إطلاق النار الذي أُعلن في أغسطس 2007، والذي تعهدوا بموجبه بعدم مهاجمة الجماعات المسلحة المنافسة أو القوات الأمريكية في العراق. وتمت الهدنة بطلب من الجنرال قاسم سليماني القيادي في الحرس الثوري الإيراني. لكن الهدنة تعرضت لضغوط في الأيام الأخيرة قبل المعركة بعد أن اعتقلت القوات العراقية أعضاء من "الميليشيات الخارجة عن القانون".


    Preparations

    In 2007, the Iraqi Army moved 4 brigades, including one of its two tank brigades from the 9th Division, and a special forces battalion to Basra. The existing brigade was transferred to Wasit province to break its ties to militia groups in Basra. The Iraqi National Police also moved two battalions to Basra.[26]

    In August 2007, the Iraqi Army established the Basra Operational Command, a Corps-level command in charge of 2 Iraqi Army divisions (the 10th and the 14th), under the command of Lt General Mohan al-Furayji.

    Iraqi army battalion trains for urban operations
    New Iraqi Army T-72 tank.

    The Vice Chief of Staff of the Iraqi Joint Staff said "We do not have enough forces there. That is why we are having a new division, the 14th Division, to be built in Basrah, especially with the possibility that the British might be leaving us in time."[27] The formation of this new division was not scheduled to be completed before June 2008 and was accelerated to deal with the upcoming operation. The 3rd brigade of the division graduated from the Besmaya Combat Training Center Program on 13 February 2008, five weeks before the battle[28] and the 4th brigade was still forming.[29]

    In mid-March, the deputy prime minister, Barham Salih, called for a "very strong military presence in Basra to eradicate the militia". He also indicated possible Coalition force involvement in the plan. On Thursday, 20 March, Lt General Mohan al-Furayji warned his troops to prepare for a "final battle" in Basra to defeat Shia militia before provincial elections in October later that year.[30]

    On 22 March, the Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki met with the commander of US forces in Iraq, General David Petraeus. During the meeting, al-Maliki explained that the impending operation would be an "entirely Iraqi affair ... to take on criminals and gang leaders" in Basra. General Petraeus advised al-Maliki not to rush into a fight and that the large scale movement of Iraqi forces would put strains on the Iraqi logistical and command and control networks, as well as "putting at risk" a lot of the gains made since the start of the US "Surge" in 2007 by threatening the ceasefire imposed on the Mahdi Army by Muqtada al-Sadr.[31]

    The Mahdi Army had long been well-entrenched in their districts with sniper positions, ambush sites, roadside bombs and booby trapped buildings.

    During the reign of Saddam Hussein over 202,000 refugees fled Iraq to refugee camps in Iran.[32] Many of the young men and children who lived in these camps were recruited by Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps in anticipation of repatriation back into Iraq.

    Timeline of the battle

    Note that not very much is actually known about the tactical operations. Because so few Coalition forces were involved in the operation there were no embeds in Basra and most broadcasts and print reports originated from Baghdad. Field reports from Basra have generally been filed by news agency "stringers", sometimes of dubious credibility.[33]

    24 March

    The Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and the commander in charge of all Iraqi ground forces, Lt General Ali Ghaidan Majid, arrived in Basra to oversee the operation, taking over from the Basra police chief, Maj. Gen. Abdul-Jalil Khalaf, and the head of the Basra Operational Command, Lt. Gen. Mohan al-Furayji. An indefinite nightly curfew was announced in Basra, as well as in al-Kut and Nasiriyah. Routes into Basra were sealed off, according to reports, and vehicles were also prohibited from entering the city. Sadr's organization promised violent retaliation in Basra if members of his Mahdi Army were targeted.[34]

    25 March

    In the early morning, security forces entered the neighbourhood of al-Tamiya, a Mahdi Army stronghold. Shortly after, fighting erupted and the clashes later spread to five other neighbourhoods, including al-Jumhuriya, Five Miles and al-Hayania, the Mahdi Army's main stronghold in Basra.[35]

    Nassar al-Rubaie, an official in al-Sadr's political movement, accused the Iraqi government of trying to weaken the Sadr trend ahead of provincial elections.[36] In response to the fighting the political movement of powerful Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest the raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army.[37]

    26 March

    By late in the evening, the assault on the port city stalled, as Shiite militiamen in the Mahdi Army fought day-long hit-and-run battles and refused to withdraw from their positions. The Mahdi Army fighters also managed to overrun a number of police stations and checkpoints.[38]

    The Iraqi Prime Minister set a 72-hour deadline for militia in Basra to surrender their arms. A statement from the Basra Operational Command quoted Maliki: "We are not going to chase those who hand over their weapons within 72 hours. If they do not surrender their arms, the law will follow its course."[39]

    27 March

    By 27 March, residents in the city were beginning to run out of food and water. They said Iraqi army deserters broke into shops, took food and water, then set fire to shops and cars on the street.[40] An oil pipeline near Basra, which carries oil for export, was damaged by a bomb.[40]

    The Dzik-3 was used by the Iraqi Army in Basra.

    Mahdi Army fighters paraded around the wreckages of two Iraqi Army AMZ Dzik armored vehicles and a BMP infantry fighting vehicle which were seen destroyed on the streets. A captured Iraqi Army Humvee along with 20 Iraqi soldiers that were said to have surrendered voluntarily to the militants were also presented. At this point, reports were circulating that Iraqi policemen and soldiers were refusing to fight or deserting their posts and abandoning their uniforms. Overnight, the chief of the police force escaped a roadside bomb attack on his convoy just outside the city which killed three of his bodyguards. The deputy police chief was also attacked in central Basra.[41]

    Late in the evening an Iraqi Army helicopter was shot down by militants.[42]

    28 March

    On Friday, Major Tom Holloway, spokesman for the British Armed Forces, reported two air strikes were made in support of Iraqi forces in Basra overnight. The air strikes, which occurred at 21:00 on Thursday and shortly after midnight involved US Navy or Marine F/A-18 fighters firing cannon rounds at a militia stronghold and on a mortar team in Basra. Major Holloway reported coalition aircraft had been flying surveillance operations over Basra since the beginning of the fighting in support of the Iraqi offensive.[43]

    29 March

    In the early hours of the morning, a US airstrike on the city killed eight Iraqi civilians, including 2 women and a child, according to Iraqi police. The Coalition spokesman, Major Brad Leighton, denied this report, saying an AC-130 gunship strafed heavily armed militants on the rooftops of three buildings, killing 16 militants. Major Leighton also reported the targets were identified by special operations forces before the attack.[44] According to a US military statement, the strike occurred during an Iraqi special forces operation in western Basra to "disrupt criminal activities and capture criminal leaders" in a "known criminal stronghold". In addition, 6 Insurgents were killed by the Iraqi special forces after being engaged by small arms fire and RPGs at the target building. Two Iraqi soldiers were wounded and a vehicle damaged during the operation.[45] UK artillery based at Basra airport fired 155mm shells into the city at a militia mortar position which had been firing at Iraqi security forces.[46]

    By this point, the Iraqi military offensive against the city was faltering in the face of stiff resistance, as the 72-hour ultimatum by the government passed and the militants refused to surrender. Reports of defecting and deserting soldiers and policemen were circulating and the Mahdi Army confirmed that seven American-made Humvees were given to them by sympathisers within the Iraqi Army. An Iraqi Army battalion commander and two other Iraqi soldiers were killed during the night by a roadside bomb in central Basra.[42][47][48] Iraq's defense minister, Qadir Obeidi, stated that "We were surprised by a very strong resistance that made us change our plans."[49]


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    30 March

    On 30 March, militia fighters stormed a state TV facility in Basra forcing Iraqi military guards surrounding the building to flee and setting armored vehicles on fire. A mortar attack against the palace that houses the military operations center killed one of al-Maliki's top security officials.[50]

    Later in the day, after running low on ammunition, al-Sadr ordered his followers to cease fighting.[51] In a statement to the media, Sadr said: "Because of the religious responsibility, and to stop Iraqi blood being shed, and to maintain the unity of Iraq and to put an end to this sedition that the occupiers and their followers want to spread among the Iraqi people, we call for an end to armed appearances in Basra and all other provinces,"

    The New York Times reported that as of 30 March, Shiite militiamen still controlled large parts of Basra and were continuing to stage raids on Iraqi government forces.[49]

    USA Today reported that after the Mahdi Army requested a ceasefire, a negotiating team was sent by the Iraqi Government to Iran where an agreement for ceasefire was negotiated.[52]

    McClatchy Newspapers reports that the Iraqi Central Government sent representatives of five Iraqi political parties to Qom, Iran to negotiate with Moqtada al-Sadr and Brig. Gen. Qassem Suleimani, the Commander of Iran's Quds Force. "Ali al Adeeb, a member of Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki's Dawa party, and Hadi al Ameri, the head of the Badr Organization, the military wing of the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, had two aims, lawmakers said: to ask Sadr to stand down his militia and to ask Iranian officials to stop supplying weapons to Shiite militants in Iraq."[53]

    General Suleimani was instrumental in the negotiations that put Maliki in power. Suleimani traveled into the Baghdad Green Zone to negotiate with the relevant parties. The IRGC has been a player in Iraqi politics for some time.

    31 March

    Members of the Iraqi Army board an Iraqi C-130 Hercules for a flight to Basra, Iraq at New Al Muthana Air Base in Baghdad on 30 Mar.

    Following the ceasefire, armed Mahdi Army militiamen no longer openly appeared on the streets and Basra appeared to be returning to normal with shops and schools starting to reopen. The commander of the 14th Division, Major-General Mohammed Jawan Huweidi, said his forces had control of the towns around Basra, as well as inside the city. He reported that his troops were now beginning to clear roadside bombs in the city.[54] According to a spokesman for Nouri Al Maliki, Iraqi troops and police were in control of much of Basra, and local security forces were going house-to-house in some districts to confiscate weapons.[55]

    Time magazine reported that there had been "a large-scale retreat of the Mahdi Army in the oil-rich Iraqi port city because of low morale and because ammunition was low due to the closure of the Iranian border."[56] A US military officer confirmed that assessment to the Long War Journal, saying "In short [the Mahdi Army] had no ability to sustain the effort".[57]

    Nouri al-Maliki said security operations against "criminals and terrorist activities" would continue in Basra. The Iraqi defense spokesman said that reinforcements were being sent to Basra and preparations for fresh military operations to clear the city were being made.[58]

    According to a US military statement, Iraqi Special Forces raided a school being used by "criminals" to store weapons, ammunition and explosives. The special forces, supported by US special forces and Coalition aircraft, killed 14 of the criminals and released six Iraqi soldiers being held at the school.[59]

    Aftermath

    Following the handover by British armed forces military to local governance in 2007, Basra had become a lawless place with widespread violence, kidnappings, sectarian attacks against Sunnis and Christians and attacks on alcohol and music shops and women not wearing head scarves. By contrast, after the army had regained control of the city, it was described by a foreign visitor as a "very safe" city with only the presence of troops as a sign of abnormality.[60]

    The outcome of the battle has been a subject of much public debate with British military commanders calling it a 'complete disaster'.[61] Militarily, the battle ended indecisively with the Iraqi security forces clearing some districts but facing ferocious resistance in others. Although Mahdi Army fighters withdrew from the streets, clashes between Iraqi Security Forces and militia continued.

    The battle triggered a nationwide political debate on the role of militias in the future Iraq. It seemed as if most political parties were leaning towards Maliki's position, which was basically that militias have no place in the future of Iraq.[62]

    Iran's actions in Iraq were described by Ryan Crocker, US Ambassador to Iraq, as a proxy war[63] and evidence of Iran's negative role in Iraq.

    Administration officials have long accused Iran of supporting Shiite militias in attacks on American forces in Iraq. The difference now is that administration officials are trying to convince the Iraqi government that Iran may not be the ally it thought, and is behind attacks against Iraqi government forces. That is a harder sell, given that Iran has supported Iraq’s government.

    After the battle, the Iraqi government dismissed 1,300 soldiers and policemen who deserted or refused to fight during the operation.[64]

    War Stories coverage

    قالب:Undue weight section Oliver North, host of the Fox News program War Stories, contacted some of the Coalition personnel with whom their team was embedded with in December 2007 during the show's ninth trip to Iraq. The following is a selection of what American troops had to say about their Iraqi allies and their adversaries:

    The Iraqis planned and executed the operation with little U.S. involvement and managed to commit more than 40,000 troops in high-intensity combat against well-armed, militia-terrorists in six cities—a feat that would have been impossible just six months prior.

    Conventional Iraqi Army and police units operated effectively together in multiple large-scale, simultaneous urban combat for the first time. Though there were inevitable "SNAFUs," most of the problems were logistical, not operational. All commended the courage and tenacity of the Iraqi soldiers.

    The Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF) and Hillah SWAT units, with which we were embedded in December, killed or captured more than 200 "high profile criminals" for which they had arrest warrants. Most of those apprehended or killed were renegade members of Muqtada al-Sadr's Jaish al Mahdi—the Mahdi Army.

    Intelligence collected during the operation confirms that Iranian Quds Force fighters have heavily infiltrated southern Iraq and that Iranian weapons, explosives and equipment continue to be delivered to areas previously controlled by the Mahdi Army.

    Though the ISF lacks the sophisticated casualty evacuation and medical treatment available to U.S. troops, their compassion toward wounded and injured non-combatants rallied civilians to the side of the Iraqi government.[65]

    Casualties

    Police and health workers said at least 236 people were killed and 600 wounded in the fighting in districts of central and northern Basra, with at least 50 civilians among the dead. These claims are questionable though, since Al Sadr followers are known to be prominent in the health organization.[18][19][66] Among the dead were at least 30 members of the security forces, including 15 soldiers and 15 policemen.

    The Iraqi interior ministry chief, Maj. General Abdul-Kareem Khalaf, claimed 210 militiamen killed, 600 wounded and 155 captured since the beginning of the operation.[67][68][69]

    Reactions

    • العراق Kurdish and Sunni political parties expressed support for the operation. Massoud Barzani, the head of the Kurdish controlled region offered Kurdish troops to help fight the Mahdi Army. The Sunni Vice President, Tariq al-Hashemi signed a joint statement between the Kurdish President, Jalal Talabani and the Shi'ite Vice President, Adil Abdul-Mahdi, expressing support for the Basra operation.[1]
    • الولايات المتحدة US President George W. Bush praised the Iraqi offensive, describing it as "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq". He emphasized the operation was al-Maliki's decision. "People were wondering if Iraq was going to be able to do this and it's happening,"[70]
    • إيران Iran's ambassador, Hasan Kazemi Qomi, said his government backed the Iraqi offensive against "outlaws" in Basra. "We are in favor of a strong army in Iraq. All weapons must be in the hands of the government. There are 28 militias that exist in Iraq. We want to see all of them dissolved," Qomi said, while criticizing the American offensive against Sadr City.[71]
    • المملكة المتحدة Des Browne, the British defense minister, announced troops levels in southern Iraq would remain constant at the current level of around 4,000. "In the light of the last week's events, however, it is prudent that we pause any further reductions while the current situation is unfolding", Browne said. UK troop levels were expected to drop to 2,500 before the Iraqi offensive and subsequent violence.[72]

    انظر أيضا


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    المصادر

    1. ^ أ ب Hendawi, Hamza (5 أبريل 2008). "Analysis: Iraqi PM Wins Rare Kurdish, Sunni Support". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 أبريل 2008.
    2. ^ «Армия Махди» в Ираке: формирование и развитие // Дмитрий Рустемович Жантиев, Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13. Востоковедение (2012 год)
    3. ^ Baxter, Sarah; Marie Colvin; Hala Jaber (6 أبريل 2008). "Iran joined militias in battle for Basra". Times Online (London).
    4. ^ Kamber, Michael; Glanz, James (26 مارس 2008). "Iraqi Crackdown on Shiite Forces Sets Off Fighting". The New York Times.
    5. ^ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (28 مارس 2008). "We're fighting for survival, says Mahdi army commander". The Guardian. London.
    6. ^ IA Advisor 2008
    7. ^ James Glanz - Iraqi Army’s Assault on Militias in Basra Stalls - The New York Times
    8. ^ أ ب 15 soldiers killed, 400 wounded since security plan launched in Basra[dead link] - Aswat Aliraq
    9. ^ Hammoudi, Laith (26 مارس 2008). "Round-up of Daily Violence in Iraq - Wednesday 26 March 2008". McClatchy Washington Bureau. Archived from the original on 31 March 2008.
    10. ^ 18 people killed, 100 wounded in Basra as clashes continue - Aswat Aliraq
    11. ^ "Basra Update". 3 أبريل 2008.
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    وصلات خارجية

    30°30′00″N 47°48′00″E / 30.5000°N 47.8000°E / 30.5000; 47.8000

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