صافي القيمة الحالية
صافي القيمة الحالية Net Present Value و هي احدى وسائل الموازنة الرأسمالية و هي أكثرها شيوعا و استخداما.
Time value of money dictates that time affects the value of cash flows. For example, a lender may offer 99 cents for the promise of receiving $1.00 a month from now, but the promise to receive that same dollar 20 years in the future would be worth much less today to that same person (lender), even if the payback in both cases was equally certain. This decrease in the current value of future cash flows is based on a chosen rate of return (or discount rate). If for example there exists a time series of identical cash flows, the cash flow in the present is the most valuable, with each future cash flow becoming less valuable than the previous cash flow. A cash flow today is more valuable than an identical cash flow in the future[1] because a present flow can be invested immediately and begin earning returns, while a future flow cannot.
NPV is determined by calculating the costs (negative cash flows) and benefits (positive cash flows) for each period of an investment. After the cash flow for each period is calculated, the present value (PV) of each one is achieved by discounting its future value (see Formula) at a periodic rate of return (the rate of return dictated by the market). NPV is the sum of all the discounted future cash flows.
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المعادلة
بعد القيام بتقدير التدفقات المالية للسنوات القادمة للمشروع و تقدير الاستثمار الأولي له فاننا نقوم بخصم التدفقات النقدية حسب تكلفة الفرصة البديلة أو تكلفة رأس المال.
و تحسب كالآتي:
حيث: Ct:التدفق النقدي لكل سنة من السنوات. r:تكلفة الفرصة البديلة. t:السنة.