بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا

بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا Banská Štiavnica
بلدية
Trinity Square (Námestie svätej Trojice) in Banská Štiavnica
Flag Coat of arms
بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا Location of Banská Štiavnica in the Banská Bystrica Region بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا Location of Banská Štiavnica in Slovakia
الإحداثيات: 48°27′29″N 18°53′47″E
البلد	سلوفاكيا
المنطقة	قالب:Country data Banská Bystrica Region بانسكا بيستريتسا
District	بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا
First mentioned	1156
الحكومة
• Mayor	Nadežda Babiaková
المساحة
• الإجمالي	46٫74 كم² (18٫05 ميل²)
	(2022)
المنسوب	621 m (2٬037 ft)
التعداد  (2022)
• الإجمالي	9٬426
• الكثافة	200/km2 (520/sq mi)
Population by ethnicity (2011)
• Slovak	86.5%
• Roma	0.5%
• Czech	0.4%
• Hungarian	0.4%
• Other	0.2%
• Unreported	12%
Population by religion (2011)
• Roman Catholic	55%
• Lutheran	6.7%
• Greek Catholic	0.4%
• Jehovah's Witness	0.3%
• Adventist	0.3%
• Other	2.3%
• Non-religious	19.4%
• Unreported	15.6%
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+1 (CET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	969 01
مفتاح الهاتف	+421 45
Car plate	BS
الموقع الإلكتروني	www.banskastiavnica.sk
موقع تراث عالمي لليونسكو
Official name	Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity
السمات	iv, v
مراجع	618
التدوين	1993 (17 Session)

بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا (Banská Štiavnica ؛ النطق ؛ ألمانية: Schemnitz؛ مجرية: Selmecbánya - وكثيرا ما تُختصر إلى: Selmec) هي بلدة في وسط سلوڤاكيا، في وسط كالديرا هائلة نجمت عن انهيار بركان عتيق. وبسبب حجمها، فإن الكالديرا تُعرف بإسم جبال شتياڤنيتسا. ويبلغ تعداد بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا ما يزيد عن 10,000. وهي بلدة قروسطية محفوظة بالكامل. وبسبب قيمتها التاريخية، فإن البلدة ومحيطها أعلنتهما اليونسكو موقع تراث عالمي في 11 ديسمبر 1993.

 التاريخ

مصير بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا كان مرتبطاً بشكل وثيق باستغلال ثرواتها الوفيرة من خام الفضة. وحسب الأدلة من الحفريات، فإن الموقع تم استيطانه منذ العصر الحجري الحديث.

The first mining settlement was founded by Celts in the 3rd century BC. It was probably occupied by the Celtic Cotini tribe. Roman authors mentioned mining activities of the Cotini, who had lived in present-day central Slovakia until they were deported to Pannonia within the Marcomannic Wars by Rome. The site was also settled by early Hungarians and an old Hungarian fortified settlement was situated here in the 10th and 11th century. The site was called “terra banensium” (the land of miners) as early as 1156. The local Slavic population gave the name „Štiavnica“ (acidic stream) to the settlement in the valley, and the settlement on the hill above (Ligotavá hora, or Glanzenberg – the shiny mountain) came to be called „Bánya“ (the mine). The single common name „Schebnyzbana“ was documented for the first time in 1255. The local Slavic population was joined by skilled German settlers who started arriving in the 13th century. They adapted the local name to the German "Schemnitz". Banská Štiavnica gained the status of a royal town in 1238, as one of the first towns in the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the High and Late Middle Ages, the town was the main producer of silver and gold in the Kingdom of Hungary. During the Ottoman Wars, the Turks made concerted efforts to conquer rich mining towns in Upper Hungary (Banská Štiavnica, Banská Bystrica, and Kremnica). This new threat led Banská Štiavnica to build powerful fortifications, including two castles, in the 16th century. As one of the most important centers of the Protestant Reformation in the country, the town belonged to the Protestant "League of Seven Mining Towns" together with Banská Belá, Banská Bystrica, Kremnica, Ľubietová, Nová Baňa, and Pukanec.

مباني المدارس في بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا في نهاية القرن 19 ومطلع القرن العشرين.

اللوح التذكاري لأكاديمية التعدين والتحريج.

The town was also a leading center of innovation in the mining industry. In 1627, gunpowder was used there in a mine for one of the first times in the world (After Le Thillot, France). To drain water from the flooded mines, a sophisticated system of water reservoirs and channels, known as tajchy, was designed and built by the local scientists Jozef Karol Hell, Maximilian Hell, and Samuel Mikovíny in the 18th century. Tajchy not only saved the mines from being closed, but also provided energy for the early phase of industrialization.

Its Mining Academy, founded there in 1735 by Samuel Mikovíny, was the first mining school in the Kingdom of Hungary. Beginning in 1763, the Hofkammer in Vienna, with support from Queen Maria Theresa, transformed the school into the Academy of Mining. In 1807, a Forestry Institute was "established under the decision of Emperor Franz I"; in 1848 the school was renamed the Academy of Mining and Forestry, 'the first technical university in the world'. In 1919, after the creation of Czechoslovakia, the Academy was moved to Sopron in Hungary. The student traditions of the Academy (School traditions of Selmec) are still living in its successors, the University of Miskolc and Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, and colleges in Sopron, Székesfehérvár, and Dunaújváros.

In 1782, Banská Štiavnica was the third biggest town in the Kingdom of Hungary (with 23,192 or incl. suburbs 40,000 inhabitants), after Pozsony (today Bratislava) and Debrecen. But the town's development was too closely linked to the mining activity which had been progressively declining since the second half of the 19th century. Nowadays, Banská Štiavnica is an important center of recreation and tourism, benefiting from its rich historical heritage.

During World War II, Banská Štiavnica was taken by Soviet troops of the 53rd Army on 7 March 1945.

 المعالم

البلدة كما تبدو من ميدان التثليث، وتبدو "القلعة الجديدة" إلى اليسار، كنيسة سانت كاترين من 1491 في الوسط

 العلاقات الدولية

انظر أيضاً: قائمة البلدات التوأم والمدن الشقيقة في سلوڤاكيا

 بلدات توأم — مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة البلدات التوأم والمدن الشقيقة في سلوڤاكيا

بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا متوأمة مع:

هونن‌برگ، سويسرا موراڤسكا تريبوڤا، جمهورية التشيك پتوي، سلوڤينيا

سوپرون، المجر سورانيا، إيطاليا سيكش‌فهيرڤار، المجر

نظرة من جبل سيتنو في مدينة بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا داخل الكالديرا الهائلة في البركان العتيق في بانسكا شتياڤنيتسا.

 انظر أيضاً

• Senica, Slovakia (German: Senitz)
• List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia

 وصلات خارجية

• Official website of Banská Štiavnica
• Map of Banská Štiavnica
• Tourist information about Banská Štiavnica
• History of Banská Štiavnica
• Banská Štiavnica Photo Gallery
• The Calvary Mount of Banská Štiavnica
• Surnames of living people in Banská Štiavnica