سليمان شاه الثاني

سليمان الثاني
SüleymanShahIIGoldDirham.jpg
عملة ذهبية من عهد ركن الدين سليمان شاه
سلاطين سلاجقة الروم
العهد1196–1204
سبقهكي‌خسرو الأول
تبعهقلج أرسلان الثالث
الاسم الكامل
ركن الدين سليمان شاه
الأبقلج أرسلان الثاني

سليمان الثاني، كما يُعرَف بإسم ركن الدين سليمان شاه (توفي 1204 ) كان سلطان سلاجقة الروم بين 1196 و 1204.[1]

كان ابن قلج أرسلان الثاني، وأطاح بأخيه، السلطان كي‌خسرو الأول، وأصبح سلطاناً في 1196.[2]

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سيرة سليمان شاه الثاني

Suleiman Shah was one of the eleven sons of the Seljuk Sultan Rum Kılıç-Arslan II . The name was given in honor of the great-grandfather Kılıç-Arslan and the founder of the Turkish Seljuk state Suleiman Shah . Like other sons, Kylych-Arslan gave Suleiman a good education.

The first mention of Suleiman in the sources refers to the last years of the reign of Kylych-Arslan [2] . According to Ibn-Bibi, shortly before his death, Kylych-Arslan II divided the territories of the Sultanate between 9 sons (who were alive at that time) and a brother [3] . Michael the Syrian dated the section to 1189 [4] . At the same time, Suleiman got the city of Tokat [5] . Qutb ad-Din Melik Shah received Sivas and Aksaray , Togrul Shah - Elbistan , Barkiyaruk - Nixar and Koyulhisar, Mahmud Sultan Shah - Kayseri , Kaisar Shah - Malatya , Arslan Shah -Nowhere , Masud Shah - Ankara , Kay-Khosrov - Uluborlu and Kutahya [2] . Eregli Kylych-Arslan II gave to his brother Sanjar Shah [3] .


قيام أبيه قلج أرسلان الثاني بتقسيم السلطنة

After some time, the sons of Kylych-Arslan began to fight for the throne. According to Ibn Bibi , in 1186 Melik Shah marched against his father and their armies met at Kayseri. However, the soldiers of Melik Shah did not want to fight with Kylych-Arslan, and the clash did not occur [2] . Suleiman expanded his territory to the Black Sea coast . Suleiman, during the life of his father, captured only the Byzantine territories, he did not touch Nixar and Koilukhisar located near Tokat, avoiding conflicts with his brothers. Suleiman Shah continued his seizures of Greek territories, while his brothers fought each other [6] .

After Salah ad-Din 's conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, the pope announced a new crusade . In March 1190, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa crossed from Gallipoli to Anatolia and crossed the border of the Seljuk Sultanate at Uluborlu. Kay-Khosrow entered into a fight with him along with the brothers Melik-shah and Mesud. However, Kylych-Arslan preferred not to give battles, but to raid the crusader army in small detachments. On May 17, 1190, Melik Shah and his brothers were defeated. Friedrich Barbarossa entered Konya, abandoned by Kylych-Arslan. Later, he concluded an agreement with Kylych-Arslan, and the crusader army went to Silifke

In 1190, after the departure of the crusaders, Melik Shah captured his father and forced him to declare himself crown prince [2] . The struggle of the sons of Kylych-Arslan for the throne began. In the beginning, Suleiman Shah did not fight for the Sultanate. Melik Shah captured Kayseri and killed the Sultan Shah. Kaiser Shah married Salah ad-Din's niece and enlisted his support against Malik Shah. Around this time, a feud began between Suleiman Shah and Malik Shah. According to Ibn Bibi, Suleiman "had resentment and enmity with his brother Kutbuddin Melikshah." However, according to O. Turan, no other evidence of the brothers' conflict was found during this period, and perhaps there was no real conflict during this period [7] .

Kylych-Arslan fled to the younger son Kay-Khosrov in Uluborlu and declared him the heir. With the support of the Byzantines, he captured Konya and ascended the throne. Melik Shah occupied Aksaray. Kylych-Arslan laid siege to it together with Kay-Khosrov, but during the siege the sultan fell ill on August 26, 1192. His body was transported to Konya and buried near the mosque built by his father Mesud I

الصراع على العرش

في 1186/87, Kılıç Arslan II , aged and weary, divided his kingdom between his ten sons and his youngest brother Sancar-Chah who, was assigned Ereğli.

  1. قطب الدين ملكشاه receives Aksaray . He attacked his father in 1189 and took Konya. He died in 1197 .
  2. غياث الدين كي‌خسرو يستولي على برغلو.
  3. سليمان شاه يستولي على توقاد.
  4. ناصر الدين برك يروق شاه يستولي على نيكسار.
  5. Mughith ad-Din Togril Shah receives Elbistan . In the winter of 1194/95 he was attacked by the elder Qutb ad-Din Malik Shah. He would have found refuge with Leo II of Armenia unless he was killed.
  6. Nur ad-Din Mahmud Sultan Shah receives Sivas . Attacked by the elder Qutb ad-Dîn Malik Shah, he was killed in 1193/94.
  7. Mu`izz ad-Dîn Qaysar Shah receives Malatya  ; One of his brothers expelled him from this territory in 1192/93. He takes refuge with Saladin.
  8. أرسلان شاه يستولي على نغده.
  9. محيي الدين مسعود شاه يستولي على أنقرة. He was assassinated by his brother Süleyman Shah after the capture of Ankara in 1204 .
  10. The name of the last son of Kılıç Arslan II remains unknown

The eldest, Qutb ad-Dîn Malik Shah moved to the capital Konya/Iconium in 1189 .

In 1192, Kılıç Arslan II died. Kay Khusraw I succeeds his father as Sultan of Roum but his brothers continue their quarrels.

في 1193/94, the elder of the family attacks Nur ad-Dîn Mahmud Sultan Shah and seizes Sivas .

في شتاء 1194/95، مغيث الدين طغرل شاه was attacked by the eldest of the family who seized Elbistan .

العهد (1197 - 1204ظ5)

In 1197, death of the eldest of the family. Süleyman Shah took advantage of this to seize his territories as well as those of Kay Khusraw I, who had to go into exile in Constantinople .

Injune 1201, Süleyman Shah takes Malatya from his brother Mu`izz ad-Dîn Qaysar Shah and Erzurum from Mohammed Ibn Saltok 2 . He thus reconstitutes the unity of his father's kingdom and the Seljuk power.

In 1204 , Muhyi ad-Dîn Mas`ûd Shah was assassinated by Süleyman Shah after the capture of Ankara . The same year important events occur: the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders and the beginning of the Mongol conquest by Genghis Khan . The Fourth Crusade is diverted by the Venetians to Constantinople. This is the occasion of the sack of Constantinople . The city and the Empire definitively lose their commercial resources in favor of the Venetians and the Genoese. The Empire split into three states: the Despotate of Epirus , the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. After taking Constantinople, Theodore I Lascaris installed himself as the new Byzantine Emperor of Nicaea. Süleyman Shah dies. His three-year-old son, Kılıç Arslan , succeeded him for a reign of only one month


وقد حارب جيرانه ووسع أراضي السلطنة. وفي 1201، فتح أرضروم، قاطعاً إياها على مغيث الدين طغرل شاه في 1202.[3] نجح في حروبه ضد الامبراطورية البيزنطية، إلا أن الكرج طردوه في معركة باسيان سنة 1203.[4]

وقد خلفه ابنه قلج أرسلان الثالث في 1204–1205،[5] وبعدها اقتحم كي‌خسرو الأول قونية، مطيحاً بقلج من السلطة ليجلس كي‌خسرو على العرش مرة ثانية.[5]

المراجع

  1. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 213.
  2. ^ Peacock & Yildiz 2015, p. 78.
  3. ^ Peacock & Yildiz 2015, p. 158.
  4. ^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 196.
  5. ^ أ ب Peacock & Yildiz 2015, p. 178-179.

المصادر

  • Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
  • Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur (2015). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. I.B. Tauris.
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander, ed. (2011). "Battle of Basian (1203)". Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World:An Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
سبقه
كي‌خسرو الأول 		سلطان الروم
1196–1204 		تبعه
قلج أرسلان الثالث
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