ريتشارد سمالي

(تم التحويل من ريشارد سمالي)
ريشارد سمالي
Richardsmalley.jpg
Richard Errett Smalley
وُلِدَ(1943-06-06)يونيو 6, 1943
أكرون، أوهايو
توفيأكتوبر 28, 2005(2005-10-28) (aged 62)
هيوستن، تكساس
المدرسة الأمكلية هوپ
جامعة مشيگن
جامعة پرنستون
اللقببكمنسترفولرين
الجوائزIrving Langmuir Award (1991)
E. O. Lawrence Award (1991)
EPS Europhysics Prize (1994)
جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء (1996)
السيرة العلمية
الهيئاتجامعة رايس
أطروحةThe lower electronic states of 1,3,5 symtriazine (1974)
المشرف على الدكتوراهElliot R. Bernstein

ريتشارد إرِّت سمولي ( Richard Smalley ؛ 6 يونيو 1943 – 28 أكتوبر 2005) كان كيميائياً أمريكياً وأستاذ كرسي جين ونورمان هاكرمان للكيمياء والفيزياء والفلك في جامعة رايس. الحائز على جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء، عام 1996، لأبحاثه عن المركبات الكيميائيّة 1996. حصل سمولي على جائزة نوبل للكيمياء عام 1996 مع زميليه روبرت كورل وهارولد كروتو بعد قيامهم بعدد من الدراسات التي أدت إلى إكتشاف شكل جديد من الكربون، هو بكمنسترفولرين.

يقول المختصون كان هذا الإكتشاف حدثاً مهماً في تكنولوجيا الجزيئات، فهو لم يخلق مجالاً جديداً في كيمياء الذّرة فحسب، بل جعل الأمور تبدو أكثر سهولة في تكوين مواد جديدة. وقد عزّز هذا الإكتشاف تنبّؤات عالم الفيزياء ريتشارد فاينمان قبل 50 عاماً" ويعلّقون "سنفتقده كثيراً هنا في الجامعة، ولن ننسى أبداً إلتزامه وحماسه وإنسانيّته في التعامل مع عمله ومع من حوله." يُذْكَر أن البحث الذي قدمه سمولي كان قد ركّز على المركّبات الكيميائيّة.

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السيرة

In 1976, Smalley joined Rice University.[1] In 1982, he was appointed to the Gene and Norman Hackerman Chair in Chemistry at Rice. He helped to found the Rice Quantum Institute in 1979, serving as Chairman from 1986 to 1996. In 1990, he became also a Professor in the Department of Physics. In 1990, he helped to found the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. In 1996, he was appointed its Director.[2]

He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1990, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991.[2]


الفولرينات

Smalley's research in physical chemistry investigated the formation of inorganic and semiconductor clusters using pulsed molecular beams and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. As a consequence of this expertise, Robert Curl introduced him to Harry Kroto in order to investigate a question about the constituents of astronomical dust. These are carbon-rich grains expelled by old stars such as R Coronae Borealis. The result of this collaboration was the discovery of C60 (known as Buckyballs) and the fullerenes as the third allotropic form of carbon.[3]

Smalley recognized that the structure of C60 was like that of a soccer ball after cutting and tapping hexagons together in a three-dimensional manner, utilizing 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons.[4] He was also responsible for the name of C60, naming it after Buckminster Fuller, an American architect who was known for his use of geodesic domes in his designs. [5]

The research that earned Kroto, Smalley and Curl the Nobel Prize mostly comprised three articles. First was the discovery of C60 in the November 14, 1985, issue of Nature, "C60: Buckminsterfullerene".[6] The second article detailed the discovery of the endohedral fullerenes in "Lanthanum Complexes of Spheroidal Carbon Shells" in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (1985).[7] The third announced the discovery of the fullerenes in "Reactivity of Large Carbon Clusters: Spheroidal Carbon Shells and Their Possible Relevance to the Formation and Morphology of Soot" in the Journal of Physical Chemistry (1986).[8]

Although only three people can be cited for a Nobel Prize, graduate students James R. Heath, Yuan Liu, and Sean C. O'Brien participated in the work. Smalley mentioned Heath and O'Brien in his Nobel Lecture. Heath went on to become a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and O'Brien joined Texas Instruments and is now at MEMtronics. Yuan Liu is a Senior Staff Scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.[9]

This research is significant for the discovery of a new allotrope of carbon known as a fullerene. Other allotropes of carbon include graphite, diamond and graphene. Harry Kroto's 1985 paper entitled "C60: Buckminsterfullerine", published with colleagues J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, presented to Rice University in 2015.[10][11] The discovery of fullerenes was recognized in 2010 by the designation of a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society at the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University in Houston, Texas.[12]

تكنولوجيا النانو

Following nearly a decade's worth of research into the formation of alternate fullerene compounds (e.g. C28, C70), as well as the synthesis of endohedral metallofullerenes (M@C60), reports of the identification of carbon nanotube structures led Smalley to begin investigating their iron-catalyzed synthesis.[13]

As a consequence of this research, Smalley was able to persuade the administration of Rice University, under then-president Malcolm Gillis, to create Rice's Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) focusing on any aspect of molecular nanotechnology.[14][15][16] It was renamed The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology after Smalley's death in 2005,[17] and has since merged with the Rice Quantum Institute, becoming the Smalley-Curl Institute (SCI) in 2015.[18]

Smalley's latest research was focused on carbon nanotubes, specifically focusing on the chemical synthesis side of nanotube research. He is well known for his group's invention of the high-pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) method of producing large batches of high-quality nanotubes.[19] Smalley spun off his work into a company, Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. and associated nanotechnologies.[20]

Smalley and his lab worked solely in this area of study and nothing else for approximately 10 years, up until the end of his life. His research lab carried the slogan "If it ain't tubes, we don't do it" proudly.[21]

الخلاف على المجمِّعات الجزيئية

المقالة الرئيسية: Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology

He was an outspoken skeptic of the idea of molecular assemblers, as advocated by K. Eric Drexler. His main scientific objections, which he termed the "fat fingers problem" and the "sticky fingers problem", argued against the feasibility of molecular assemblers being able to precisely select and place individual atoms. He also believed that Drexler's speculations about apocalyptic dangers of molecular assemblers threatened the public support for development of nanotechnology.[22] He debated Drexler in an exchange of letters which were published in Chemical & Engineering News as a point-counterpoint feature.[23]

الناشط

Starting in the late 1990s, Smalley advocated for the need for cheap, clean energy, which he described as the number one problem facing humanity in the 21st century. He described what he called "The Terawatt Challenge", the need to develop a new power source capable of increasing "our energy output by a minimum factor of two, the generally agreed-upon number, certainly by the middle of the century, but preferably well before that."[24][25]

He also presented a list entitled "Top Ten Problems of Humanity for Next 50 Years".[24][26] It can be interesting to compare his list, in order of priority, to the Ten Threats formulated by the U.N.'s High Level Threat Panel in 2004. Smalley's list, in order of priority, was:

  1. Energy
  2. Water
  3. Food
  4. Environment
  5. Poverty
  6. Terrorism & war
  7. Disease
  8. Education
  9. Democracy
  10. Population[24]

Smalley regarded several problems as interlinked: the lack of people entering the fields of science and engineering, the need for an alternative to fossil fuels, and the need to address global warming.[24] He felt that improved science education was essential, and strove to encourage young students to consider careers in science. His slogan for this effort was "Be a scientist, save the world."[27]

Smalley was a leading advocate of the National Nanotechnology Initiative in 2003.[28] Suffering from hair loss and weakness as a result of his chemotherapy treatments, Smalley testified before the congressional testimonies, arguing for the potential benefits of nanotechnology in the development of targeted cancer therapies. Bill 189, the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, was introduced in the Senate on January 16, 2003, by Senator Ron Wyden, passed the Senate on November 18, 2003, and at the House of Representatives the next day with a 405–19 vote. President George W. Bush signed the act into law on December 3, 2003, as Public Law 108- 153. Smalley was invited to attend.[29]

الحياة الشخصية

Smalley was married four times, to Judith Grace Sampieri (1968–1978), Mary L. Chapieski (1980–1994), JoNell M. Chauvin (1997–1998) and Deborah Sheffield (2005), and had two sons, Chad Richard Smalley (born June 8, 1969) and Preston Reed Smalley (born August 8, 1997).[30][31]

In 1999, Smalley was diagnosed with cancer. Smalley died of leukemia,[32] variously reported as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma[33] and chronic lymphocytic leukemia,[30] on October 28, 2005, at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas, at the age of 62.[30][34]

Upon Smalley's death, the US Senate passed a resolution to honor Smalley, crediting him as the "Father of Nanotechnology."[35]

الدين في سنواته الأخيرة

Smalley, who had taken classes in religion as well as science at Hope College, rediscovered his religious foundation in later life, particularly during his final years while battling cancer.[36] During the final year of his life, Smalley wrote: "Although I suspect I will never fully understand, I now think the answer is very simple: it's true. God did create the universe about 13.7 billion years ago, and of necessity has involved Himself with His creation ever since."[36]

At the Tuskegee University's 79th Annual Scholarship Convocation/Parents' Recognition Program he was quoted making the following statement regarding the subject of evolution while urging his audience to take seriously their role as the higher species on this planet. قالب:"'Genesis' was right, and there was a creation, and that Creator is still involved ... We are the only species that can destroy the Earth or take care of it and nurture all that live on this very special planet. I'm urging you to look on these things. For whatever reason, this planet was built specifically for us. Working on this planet is an absolute moral code. ... Let's go out and do what we were put on Earth to do."[37] Old Earth creationist and astronomer Hugh Ross spoke at Smalley's funeral, November 2, 2005.[38]

وفاته

توفّي في 28أكتوبر 2005 عن عمر ناهز 62 عاماً بعد صراعه مع مرض السرطان.

تعليم


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Publications

التكريم

الزمالات

الجوائز

المصادر

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Hargittai
  2. ^ أ ب ت "Richard E. Smalley". Franklin Institute. January 15, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  3. ^ Edwards, Steven A. (2006). The Nanotech Pioneers: Where Are They Taking Us?. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 64–66.
  4. ^ "Richard E. Smalley". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  5. ^ Buntrock, Robert E. (September 21, 1998). "The Most Beautiful Molecule. The Discovery of the Buckyball. By Hugh Aldersey-Williams. John Wiley & Sons: NY 1995. 340 pp. incl. index. ISBN 0-471-19333-X (Paper) Price: $16.95". Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences (in الإنجليزية). 38 (5): 939–940. doi:10.1021/ci9804239. ISSN 0095-2338.
  6. ^ Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (November 14, 1985). "C60: Buckminsterfullerene". Nature. 318 (6042): 162–163. Bibcode:1985Natur.318..162K. doi:10.1038/318162a0. S2CID 4314237.
  7. ^ Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Curl, R. F.; Tittel, F. K.; Smalley, R. E. (December 1985). "Lanthanum complexes of spheroidal carbon shells". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 107 (25): 7779–7780. doi:10.1021/ja00311a102.
  8. ^ Zhang, Q. L.; O'Brien, S. C.; Heath, J. R.; Liu, Y.; Curl, R. F.; Kroto, H. W.; Smalley, R. E. (February 1986). "Reactivity of large carbon clusters: spheroidal carbon shells and their possible relevance to the formation and morphology of soot". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 90 (4): 525–528. doi:10.1021/j100276a001.
  9. ^ "Richard E. Smalley". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  10. ^ أ ب "2015 Awardees". American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  11. ^ أ ب "Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award" (PDF). American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  12. ^ أ ب "Discovery of Fullerenes National Historic Chemical Landmark". American Chemical Society. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  13. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (2009). Colloid and interface science. [S.l.]: Phi Learning. p. 410. ISBN 978-81-203-3857-9.
  14. ^ Boyd, Jade (October 28, 2005). "Nanotech pioneer, Nobel laureate Richard Smalley dead at 62". Rice University News and Media. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  15. ^ Boyd, Jade (November 3, 2005). "Rice remembers Nobel laureate Richard Smalley". Rice University News and Media. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  16. ^ Almond, B. J. (October 4, 2015). "In memoriam: President Emeritus Malcolm Gillis". Rice University News and Media. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  17. ^ "The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology". InterNano. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  18. ^ Boyd, Jade (May 22, 2015). "Rice merges two institutes to form Smalley-Curl Institute". Rice University News and Media. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  19. ^ Harris, Peter J. F. (2001). Carbon nanotubes and related structures : new materials for the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00533-3.
  20. ^ Sparks, Sherron (2012). Nanotechnology : business applications and commercialization. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-4398-4521-9. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  21. ^ Halford, Bethany (October 9, 2006). "THE WORLD ACCORDING TO RICK: Richard Smalley left his mark on science by laying the foundation for nanotechnology as we know it, then he tried to save the world". Chemical & Engineering News Archive (in الإنجليزية). 84 (41): 13–19. doi:10.1021/cen-v084n041.p013. ISSN 0009-2347.
  22. ^ Ford, Martin (2015). Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future. Oneworld Publications. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-1-78074-750-7.
  23. ^ Baum, Rudy (December 1, 2003). "Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'". Chemical & Engineering News. 81 (48): 37–42. doi:10.1021/cen-v081n048.p037. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  24. ^ أ ب ت ث Smalley, Richard E. (2005). "Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge" (PDF). MRS Bulletin. 30 (JUNE): 412–417. doi:10.1557/mrs2005.124. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  25. ^ Norris, Teryn; Jenkins, Jesse (March 10, 2009). "Want to Save the World? Make Clean Energy Cheap". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  26. ^ "Top Ten Problems of Humanity for Next 50 Years", Professor R. E. Smalley, Energy & NanoTechnology Conference, Rice University, May 3, 2003.
  27. ^ Nelson, Donna J.; Strano, Michael (November 2006). "Richard Smalley: Saving the world with nanotechnology". Nature Nanotechnology. 1 (2): 96–97. Bibcode:2006NatNa...1...96N. doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.113. PMID 18654156. S2CID 45575416.
  28. ^ Adams, W Wade; Baughman, Ray H (2005). "Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005)". Science. Vol. 310, no. 5756 (published December 23, 2005). p. 1916. doi:10.1126/science.1122120. PMID 16373566.
  29. ^ Schottel, Brandi L.; Karn, Barbara (2010). "The National Nanotechnology Initiative Approach to Environment, Health, and Safety: A Model for Future Science Investments" (PDF). Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  30. ^ أ ب ت خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Feder
  31. ^ "RICHARD E. SMALLEY Curriculum Vitae". Rice University. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  32. ^ "Understanding CLL/SLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma" (PDF). Lymphoma Research Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  33. ^ Service, Robert F. (October 31, 2005). ""Grandfather of Nanotech" Dies at 62". Science. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
  34. ^ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (October 31, 2005). "'Buckyball' Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley Dies". NPR. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  35. ^ Wasey, Adnaan (July 18, 2016). "Nobelist in chemistry for co-discovering fullerenes, Rice University Homecoming Queen". SEEDMAGAZINE.COM. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ أ ب Smalley, Richard (October 29, 2005). "Remarks by Richard Smalley at 2005 Alumni Banquet". Retrieved December 15, 2017. My short two years at Hope starting as a freshman in 1961 were immensely important to me. I went to chapel, studied religion, and attended church more than I had ever done before, and was with people who took to these issues seriously. I valued that greatly back then. Recently I have gone back to church regularly with a new focus to understand as best I can what it is that makes Christianity so vital and powerful in the lives of billions of people today, even though almost 2000 years have passed since the death and resurrection of Christ.
  37. ^ "Scholarship Convocation Speaker Challenges Scholars to Serve the Greater Good". Tuskegee University. October 3, 2004. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017.
  38. ^ "Funeral Service for Professor Richard Smalley – Speakers: James Tour, Hugh Ross and Ben Young, 2005-11-02, mp3 audio".
  • Adams, W Wade; Baughman, Ray H (2005), "Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005).", Science 310 (5756): 1916, 2005 Dec 23, doi:10.1126/science.1122120, PMID 16373566 

المنشورات

التكريم

الزمالات

الجوائز والمكافآت

وصلات خارجية

قالب:1996 Nobel Prize winners

الكلمات الدالة:
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