دراسات فلكية قديمة

The rising Sun illuminates the inner chamber of Newgrange, Ireland, only at the winter solstice.

الدراسات الفلكية القديمة ، هي دراسة كيفية فهم الشعوب القديمة لظاهرة ما في السماء ، وكيفة إستخدامها وماهية الدور الذي تلعبه السماء في ثقافاتهم. [1]

وتهتم تلك الدراسات بالمعرفة الفلكية لدى القدماء. وتعتمد على ما يبذله الباحثون في شتى المجالات، منها علم الآثار والفلك والتاريخ وعلم الإنسان. ويعتقد الباحثون في حقل الدراسات الفلكية القديمة بأن إلمامهم بمعارف الأقدمين ومعتقداتهم في الكون المحيط بهم، يجعلهم أقدر على فهم تلك الحضارات القديمة. يضاف إلى ذلك ما تركه الأقدمون من مُدَوَّنات تُسجل ملاحظاتهم عن الأفلاك والنجوم، مما يساعد المعاصرين على القيام بحساباتهم الفلكية عن الأجرام السماوية. [2]

يستقي دارسو الفلك القديم معلوماتهم عن معارف الأقدمين الفلكية من المخطوطات القديمة وغيرها. فقد دلت السجلات الأثرية، على سبيل المثال، على معرفة هنود المايا بأمريكا الوسطى، بمواقع الشمس والقمر والأفلاك والنجوم. وكشفت جداول معينة عن معرفتهم الشاملة بحركة كوكب الزهرة الذي كانوا يعبدونه؛ إذ اشتملت هذه الجداول على تقويم يبيِّن مواقيت ظهور كوكب الزهرة في السماء واحتجابه. وقد قاموا بتشييد أبوابهم ونوافذهم وسلالم مبانيهم في اتجاهات تنطبق على خط طلوع الزهرة في الأفق.

ساعدت الدراسات الفلكية القديمة الباحثين في استنتاجهم الخاص بالكيفية التي كان ينتفع بها الأقدمون من أنواع معينة من المباني، وعلى سبيل المثال، الأشكال المستديرة المبنية من أحجار ضخمة، والتي يرجع تاريخ بعضها إلى أكثر من 5,000 سنة، توجد في مواقع متفرقة من بريطانيا. فقد تَبيَّن لدارسي الفلك القديم، أن هذه المنشآت الحجرية كانت مرشدًا للأقدمين عن مواقيت شروق الشمس وبزوغ القمر وزوالهما في فترات محددة خلال السنة. ويتيقن الباحثون من أن الأشكال الدائرية قد تكون ضربًا من التقاويم. أو للتنبؤ بها عن الكسوف والخسوف. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

تاريخ الدراسات الفلكية القديمة

It has been proposed that Maya sites such as Uxmal were built in accordance with astronomical alignments

. The approach in the New World, where anthropologists began to consider more fully the role of astronomy in Amerindian civilizations, was markedly different. They had access to sources that the prehistory of Europe lacks such as ethnographies[4][5] and the historical records of the early colonizers. Following the pioneering example of Anthony Aveni,[6][7] this allowed New World archaeoastronomers to make claims for motives which in the Old World would have been mere speculation. The concentration on historical data led to some claims of high accuracy that were comparatively weak when compared to the statistically led investigations in Europe.[8]


الدراسات الفلكية القديمة وعلاقاته بالتخصصات الأخرى

المنهجية

الدرسات الفلكية القديمة الخضراء


الدراسات الفلكية القديمة البنية

"El Caracol" a possible observatory temple at Chichen Itza.

مصدر المواد

تحالفات

تحف

The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment)

الفنون والنقوش

Diagram showing the location of the sun daggers on the Fajada Butte petroglyph on various days

Ethnographies

An alleged 'supernova petroglyph' at Pueblo Bonito


إعادة تشكيل السماء القديمة

Declination

المقالة الرئيسية: Declination
A time lapse photo showing the stars rotating around the celestial pole.


Diagram of the visible portions of sky at varying latitudes.


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

مواقع شمسية

مواقع قمرية

مواقع متميزة

المقالة الرئيسية: Precession of the equinoxes
Precessional movement.

ظواهر عابرة

Halley's Comet depicted on the Bayeux tapestry


الموضاعات الرئيسية في بحوث الدراسات الفلكية القديمة

إستخدام التقويمات

الأسطور وعلم الكونيات

The constellation Argo Navis drawn by Johannes Hevelius in 1690.

Another motive for studying the sky is to understand and explain the universe. In these cultures myth was a tool for achieving this and the explanations, while not reflecting the standards of modern science, are cosmologies.

عروض القوة

The Precinct of Amun-Re was aligned on the midwinter solstice.

أهم المواقع المهتمة بالدراسات الفلكية القديمة

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة مواقع الدراسات الفلكية القديمة مرتبة حسب البلد

Newgrange

The sunlight enters the tomb at Newgrange via the roofbox built above the door.
المقالة الرئيسية: Newgrange


أهرامات الجيزة

The pyramids of Giza.
المقالة الرئيسية: هرم الجيزة المركب

الكاستلو

Plumed Serpent
المقالة الرئيسية: El Castillo, Chichen Itza



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Stonehenge

The sun rising over Stonehenge at the 2005 Summer Solstice.
المقالة الرئيسية: Stonehenge

Uxmal

The Palace of the Governor at Uxmal.
المقالة الرئيسية: Uxmal


Fringe Archaeoastronomy

المنظمات والمنشورات الخاصة بالدراسات الفلكية القديمة

انظر أيضا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Sinclair 2006:13
  2. ^ الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة
  3. ^ / الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة
  4. ^ Zeilik 1985
  5. ^ Zeilik 1986
  6. ^ Milbraith 1999:8
  7. ^ Broda 2000:233
  8. ^ Hoskin 1996

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  • Xu, Z. Pankenier, D.W. and Jiang, Y. (2000). East Asian Archaeoastronomy: Historical Records of Astronomical Observations of China, Japan and Korea. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach Science Publ. ISBN 90-5699-302-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |publsher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Young, M.J. (2005). "Ethnoastronomy and the Problem of Interpretation: A Zuni Example". In Von Del Chamberlain, John Carlson and M. Jane Young (ed.). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous and Cosmological Traditions of the World. Ocarina Books. ISBN 0-6540867-2-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • Zeilik, M. (1985). "The Ethnoastronomy of the Historic Pueblos, I: Calendrical Sun Watching". Archaeoastronomy:Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy. 8 (16): S1–S24.
  • Zeilik, M. (1986). "The Ethnoastronomy of the Historic Pueblos, II: Moon Watching". Archaeoastronomy:Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy'. 10 (17): S1–S22.

وصلات خارجية

شعار قاموس المعرفة.png

المجتمع

  • ISAAC, The International Society for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture.
  • SEAC La Société Européenne pour l’Astronomie dans la Culture. Site in English.
  • SIAC La Sociedad Interamericana de Astronomía en la Cultura.
  • Society for the History of Astronomy

الصحف

الكلمات الدالة:
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