حصانة دبلوماسية
الحَصانة الدبلوماسية Diplomatic immunity مصطلح قانوني للامتياز الذي يمُنح إلى بعض الناس الذين يعيشون في البلاد الأجنبية. وهو يسمح لهم أن يظلوا خاضعين لسلطة القوانين في بلادهم. فالسفراء أو الوزراء والوكلاء الدبلوماسيون الآخرون يُمْنَحون هذا الامتياز. ومثل هؤلاء الوكلاء لا يمكن القبض عليهم لمخالفة قوانين البلاد التي يُرسلون إليها. ولكن إذا خالفوا القوانين المحلية فإن حكوماتهم قد تطالب باستدعائهم، وهناك اتفاقات دولية تنظم معاملة الوكلاء الدبلوماسيين والمكان الطبيعي الذي تشغله السفارات وأماكن المندوبين الرسميين، والقنصليات في البلاد الأجنبية.
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الحصانة الدبلوماسية في الولايات المتحدة
The following chart outlines the immunities afforded to foreign diplomatic personnel residing in the United States.[1] In general, these rules follow the Vienna Convention and generally apply in other countries as well.
Category | May be arrested or detained | Residence may be entered subject to ordinary procedures | May be issued traffic ticket | May be subpoenaed as witness | May be prosecuted | Official family member | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
دبلوماسية | Diplomatic agent | No[2] | No | Yes | No | No | Same as sponsor |
Member of administrative and technical staff | No[2] | No | Yes | No | No | Same as sponsor | |
طاقم خدمات | Yes[3] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes[3] | No[3] | |
قنصليون | ضباط قنصليون محترفون | Yes, if for a felony and pursuant to a warrant.[3] | Yes[4] | Yes | No, for official acts. Testimony may not be compelled in any case. | No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes[5] | No[3] |
Hضباط قنصليون فخريون | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes | No | |
موظفون قنصليون | Yes[3] | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes[3] | No[3] | |
هيئة دولية | Diplomatic-level staff of missions to international organizations | No[2] | No | Yes | No | No | Same as sponsor |
International Organization Staff[5] | Yes[5] | Yes[5] | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes[5] | No[3] | |
Support staff of missions to international organizations | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes | No |
الهامش
- ^ "Legal Aspects of Diplomatic Immunity and Privileges". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
- ^ أ ب ت Reasonable constraints, however, may be applied in emergency circumstances involving self-defense, public safety, or the prevention of serious criminal acts.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ This table presents general rules. Particularly in the cases indicated, the employees of certain foreign countries may enjoy higher levels of privileges and immunities on the basis of special bilateral agreements.
- ^ Note that consular residences are sometimes located within the official consular premises. In such cases, only the official office space is protected from police entry.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج A small number of senior officers are entitled to be treated identically to "diplomatic agents".
المصادر الخارجية
- New York City Commission for the United Nations Consular Corp and Protocol
- What's the story on diplomatic immunity? from Straight Dope
- Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR), 1963
انظر أيضًا: الدبلوماسية.