جى ستريت

(تم التحويل من جيه-ستريت)
هذا المقال هو عن جماعة دعوة سياسية. إذا كنت تريد الشارع (غير الموجود) في واشنطن العاصمة، انظر شوارع وطرق واشنطن العاصمة.
J Street
J Street logo (2016).svg
تأسست29 نوفمبر 2007; منذ 16 سنة (2007-11-29[1]
المؤسسجرمي بن عامي
النوع501(c)(4) organization
26-1507828[2]
التركيزالصراع الإسرائيلي-العربي
الصراع الإسرائيلي-الفلسطيني
الموقع
منطقة الخدمة
الطريقةالضغط السياسي
جرمي بن عامي[2]
مورتون هالپرن[2]
الأشخاص البارزون
فرانكلن فشر (مستشار)
دانيال ليڤي (مستشار)
دبرا دى‌لي (مستشار)
مارشا فريدمن (مستشار)
شلومو بن عامي (مستشار)
صاميوِل لويس (مستشار)
لنكون تشافي (مستشار)
المنظمات الفرعيةJ Street Education Fund,
J Street PAC[2]
الدخل (2014)
Decrease$2,418,969[2]
المصاريف (2014)▼$2,207,771[2]
الموظفون (2014)
59[2]
المتطوعون (2014)
40[2]
الموقع الإلكترونيjstreet.org
J Street Education Fund
20-2777557[3]
الوضع القانوني501(c)(3) organication
جرمي بن عامي[3]
مورتون هالپرن[3]
الدخل (2014)
▲$4,955,262[3]
المصاريف (2014)▼$4,671,950[3]
الموظفون (2014)
0[3]
المتطوعون (2014)
40[3]

جي ستريت، هي مجموعة دعوة غير ربحية مقرها الولايات المتحدة تعمل على حث القيادة الأمريكية على إنهاء الصراع الإسرائيلي العربي والإسرائيلي الفلسطيني بطرق سلمية ودبلوماسية. وبالرغم من أن جي ستريت تتكون في الأساس من اليهود إلا أنها ترحب أيضا بعضوية غير اليهود. وأعلنت جي ستريت "أنها تعمل على تدعيم اتجاه جديد للسياسة الأمريكية في الشرق الأوسط لإيجاد حلول دبلوماسية بديلة عن الحلول العسكرية"، "وإتباع النهج الثنائي بدلا من النهج الفردي"، والحوار بدلا من المواجهة" مع دعم دولي واسع. تبعا لجي ستريت، فإن لجنة العمل السياسي الخاصة بها هي "لجنة العمل الفدرالي السياسي الأولى والوحيدة والتي تهدف إلى إظهار مغزى الدعم السياسي والمالي لمرشحي المناصب الفدرالية من أعداد كبيرة من الأمريكيين المؤمنين بالاتجاه الجديد للسياسية الأمريكية مما يدعم المصالح الأمريكية في الشرق الأوسط ويعزز الأمن والسلام الحقيقي لإسرائيل والمنطقة."[4]

J Street describes itself as "the political home for pro-Israel, pro-peace Americans who want Israel to be secure, democratic and the national home of the Jewish people ... advocat[ing] policies that advance shared US and Israeli interests as well as Jewish and democratic values, leading to a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict".[4] Critics from the right allege that J Street and the policies they support are anti-Israel.[5][6][7]

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معنى الاسم

J Street, as an American lobby organization aimed at Washington leaders and policymakers, derived its name from the alphabetically named street plan of Washington, D.C.: J Street is missing from the grid (the street naming jumps from I Street to K Street since I and J were not yet considered to be distinct letters at the time the Washington street plan was created).[8] Also, by association, the letter J is a reference to "Jewish". Further, K Street is a street in downtown Washington on which many influential lobbying firms are located, and that become synonymous for Washington's formidable lobbying establishment. Consequently, the choice of the name reflects the desire of J Street's founders and donors to bring a message to Washington that, metaphorically like the missing "J Street" of the D.C. grid, has thus far been absent.[9]


الرؤية السياسية

J Street's stated aim is to provide a political home for pro-Israel, pro-peace Americans who believe that a "two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is essential to Israel's survival as the national home of the Jewish people and as a vibrant democracy". J Street has a two-fold mission: first, to advocate for urgent American diplomatic leadership to achieve a two-state solution and a broader regional, comprehensive peace and, second, to ensure a broad debate on Israel and the Middle East in national politics and the American Jewish community.[4] In 2011, J Street opposed recognizing Palestine as an independent state at the United Nations.[10]

J Street "recognizes and supports Israel as the homeland of the Jewish people"[11] and Israel's "desire for security as the Jewish homeland, as well as the right of the Palestinians to a sovereign state of their own".[4] According to its executive director, Jeremy Ben-Ami, J Street is neither pro- nor anti- any individual organization or other pro-Israel umbrella groups like the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). He says J Street is proud of AIPAC's many accomplishments and clarified that the two groups have different priorities rather than different views.[12][9][13]

Explaining the need for a new advocacy and lobbying group, Ben-Ami stated: "J Street has been started, however, because there has not been sufficient vocal and political advocacy on behalf of the view that Israel's interests will be best served when the United States makes it a major foreign policy priority to help Israel achieve a real and lasting peace not only with the Palestinians but with all its neighbors."[14]

Alan Solomont, one of the founders of J Street and a former national finance chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and currently a Democratic Party fundraiser, described the need for J Street in the following way: "We have heard the voices of neocons, and right-of-center Jewish leaders and Christian evangelicals, and the mainstream views of the American Jewish community have not been heard."[12] During its first conference, Ben-Ami said, "The party and the viewpoint that we're closest to in Israeli politics is actually Kadima." Kadima MK Meir Sheetrit, who attended the conference, said, "They are more left than Kadima, but on this main issue, which is peace, I think we agree."[15]

The Washington Post described the perceived differences between J Street and AIPAC: "While both groups call themselves bipartisan, AIPAC has won support from an overwhelming majority of Republican Jews, while J Street is presenting itself as an alternative for Democrats who have grown uncomfortable with both Netanyahu's policies and the conservatives' flocking to AIPAC."[16]

J Street endorsed the nuclear disarmament deal with Iran, which Obama supported and Netanyahu and AIPAC opposed. In 2016 the political focus of J Street was to unseat Republican senators who led U.S. Congressional opposition to the Iran deal.[17] When The Forward solicited opinions of the completed Iran deal from American Jewish organizations, some were critical, but J Street stated: "For the first time in nearly a decade, Iran does not have the nuclear material needed to build even a single bomb. That makes Americans, Israelis and the Iranian people themselves immeasurably safer. ... That Iran has completed these steps—and granted international inspectors the unprecedented access necessary to verify and continuously monitor compliance on an ongoing basis—in an unexpectedly short period of time is further proof of the power of tough, effective diplomacy in addressing some of our most serious security concerns."[18]

البنية

  • J Street logo, 2007–2016

    J Street logo, 2007–2016

  • J Street PAC logo, 2007–2016

    J Street PAC logo, 2007–2016

  • J Street PAC logo since 2016

    J Street PAC logo since 2016

  • J Street U logo, 2007–2016

    J Street U logo, 2007–2016

  • J Street U logo since 2016

    J Street U logo since 2016

J Street and J Street PAC, founded in April 2008, exist as separate legal entities with different political functions. The J Street Education Fund joined the J Street family of organizations in 2009:

  • J Street – a nonprofit advocacy group registered as a 501(c)(4) social welfare group. J Street aims to encourage and "support strong American leadership to end the Arab-Israeli and Palestinian-Israeli conflicts peacefully and diplomatically".[4]
  • The J Street PAC – a political action committee capable of making direct political campaign donations. Thus, the J Street PAC will provide political and financial support to candidates who are seeking election or reelection and agree with J Street's goals.[19]
  • The J Street Education Fund, Inc. – a 501(c)(3) charitable organization. It aims to educate targeted communities about the need for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, raise the visibility of a mainstream pro-Israel, pro-peace presence within the American Jewish community, and promote open, dynamic and spirited conversation about how to best advance the interests and future of a democratic, Jewish Israel. J Street Local, J Street's national field program and J Street U (formerly Union of Progressive Zionists), J Street's on campus movement are programs of the J Street Education Fund.
  • J Street U – the student organizing arm of J Street, organizing chapters on university and college campuses.[20]

الإدارة

J Street's founding executive director is Jeremy Ben-Ami, a former domestic policy adviser in the Clinton Administration.[12] Ben-Ami's grandparents were among the founders of Tel Aviv, his parents were Israelis, his family suffered in the Holocaust, and he has lived in Israel, where he was almost killed in a Jerusalem terror attack.[14] Ben-Ami has worked for many years with Jewish peace groups, including the Center for Middle East Peace and the Geneva Accord.[9][21]

المجلس الاستشاري

J Street's advisory council consists of former public officials, policy experts, community leaders and academics, including Daniel Levy, a former high-ranking Israeli official who was the lead drafter of the groundbreaking Geneva Initiative, Franklin Fisher and Debra DeLee of Americans for Peace Now, Marcia Freedman of Brit Tzedek v'Shalom, Democratic Middle East foreign policy expert Robert Malley, former Israeli foreign minister Shlomo Ben-Ami, former U.S. Ambassador to Israel Samuel W. Lewis, former Rhode Island Governor and Republican U.S. Senator Lincoln Chafee.[21][22] and Hannah Rosenthal, former head of the Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism.

المجلس الحاخامي

J Street's rabbinic cabinet consists of North American rabbis, cantors and cantorial students. The group is co-chaired by Rabbis John Rosove (Senior Rabbi of Temple Israel of Hollywood) and John Friedman (rabbi of Judea Reform Congregation in Durham, North Carolina).[23]

الأنشطة

جمع التبرعات السياسية

The J Street PAC acts as a traditional political action committee raising funds to support a limited number of candidates for Senate and Congressional races.

For the 2008 Congressional elections, the J Street PAC raised $600,000 and, according to J Street, 33 of the 41 candidates it backed won their seats.[24]

In 2010, J Street PAC endorsed 61 candidates — 3 for the Senate and 58 for the House. 45 of the PAC's candidates won. The J Street PAC distributed over $1.5 million to its candidates, more than any other pro-Israel PAC in the two-year cycle.

In the 2014 election cycle, J Street PAC contributed over $2.4 million to its 95 endorsed candidates, the most in history by a pro-Israel PAC.[25]

In the 2016 election cycle, J Street PAC distributed $3.6 million to its 124 endorsed candidates, and not a single incumbent Iran deal supporter was unseated by a deal detractor.[26]

Critics have pointed out that according to Federal Election Commission filings in 2009, dozens of Arab and Muslim Americans and Iranian advocacy organizations donated tens of thousands of dollars to J Street, representing "a small fraction" of the group's fund-raising. Donors included Lebanese-American businessman Richard Abdoo, who is a board member of Amideast and a former board member of the Arab American Institute, and Genevieve Lynch, who is also a member of the National Iranian American Council board. In response, Ben-Ami noted that J Street does not impose a religious or ethnic test to donations. "It would be a very big mistake for pro-Israel organizations to apply a religious or ethnic litmus test for support for Israel from other Americans. I don't think anybody checked to see whether [Pastor] John Hagee was Jewish before he was invited to keynote the AIPAC conference," he said. "I don't think we should be banning Christians, I don't think we should be banning Muslims, I don't think we should be banning Arabs from finding a way to support Israel, to support its right to exist and to support a program that is designed to secure the future." Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League noted that the ADL also receives donations from non-Jews and does not apply a religious test to donors.[27] More than 20% of the citizens of Israel are Arab,[28] most of whom are Muslim.

الضغط

J Street lobbies for and against Israel-related bills and legislation.

J Street's first-year budget for fiscal 2009 was $1.5 million.[21] This is a modest figure for a PAC, though Gary Kamiya writes that J Street hopes to raise significant money online, following the blueprint of MoveOn and the Barack Obama presidential campaign.[14]

Other projects and activities

In May 2012, a J Street delegation visited with Palestinian Authority president Mahmoud Abbas, headed by Executive Director Jeremy Ben-Ami.[29]

J Street started a special website and project, They Don't Speak For Us. It criticizes the Emergency Committee for Israel, a right-wing advocacy group that William Kristol and Gary Bauer, inspired by J Street, created.[30][31] "They Don't Speak For Us" describes the ECI as "just plain out of touch" and "far outside the mainstream" of the pro-Israel Jewish community.[32]

In November 2012, J Street lobbied the U.S. Senate against a group of bills that would have penalized the Palestinian National Authority if it used its recently elevated status of "observer" at the United Nations to bring international charges against Israel. J Street supporters made 1000 telephone calls and sent 15,000 e-mail messages against the bills, which failed to pass.[33]

In July 2010 J Street supported the construction of the Cordoba House cultural center and mosque near the World Trade Center site in New York.[34] President Jeremy Ben-Ami released a statement saying:

The principle at stake ... goes to the heart of American democracy, and the value we place on freedom of religion. Should one religious group in this country be treated differently than another? We believe the answer is no. ... proposing a church or a synagogue for that site would raise no questions. The Muslim community has an equal right to build a community center wherever it is legal to do so.[35]


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العلاقة بالحكومتين الإسرائيلية والأمريكية

According to Nathan Guttman, "J Street and its supporters have never made a secret of their opposition to Netanyahu and his policies."[36] On October 22, 2009, then–opposition leader of the Knesset, Tzipi Livni, sent a letter congratulating J Street on its inaugural event. She said she would not be able to attend but that Kadima would be "well represented" by Meir Sheetrit, Shlomo Molla, and Haim Ramon.[37]

The Israeli Embassy stated that Ambassador Michael Oren would not attend J Street's first national conference because J Street supports positions that may "impair" Israel's interest.[38][39] Oren continued his criticism after the conference, telling Conservative rabbis meeting in Philadelphia that J Street "is a unique problem in that it not only opposes one policy of one Israeli government, it opposes all policies of all Israeli governments. It's significantly out of the mainstream."[40] Hannah Rosenthal, head of the Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism in the Obama Administration, criticized Oren, saying his comments were "most unfortunate".[41] After several American Jewish groups criticized Rosenthal, the U.S. State Department said that "Rosenthal has the complete support of the department."[42] In April 2010, Oren had a meeting with J Street Executive Director Jeremy Ben-Ami to discuss the issues.[43] After leaving his role as Israeli ambassador to the U.S. and campaigning for an MK position in the Knesset, Oren described his view as follows: "We have to understand that people who aren't anti-Israel have criticisms of specific Israeli policies. We have to show greater flexibility on the peace issue. Israel is willing to go a serious distance on peace."[44]

In February 2010 the Israeli Foreign Ministry refused to meet with visiting U.S. congressmembers being escorted by J Street on a visit to Israel unless members of Congress attended the meeting without their J Street escorts.[45] Addressing the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, Deputy Foreign Minister Ayalon said "The thing that troubles me is that they don't present themselves as to what they really are. They should not call themselves pro-Israeli."[46] In Haaretz, columnist Bradley Burston wrote that the Foreign Ministry's refusal to meet with the U.S. congressmembers was "a gratuitous move breathtaking in its haughtiness, its ignorance of and disrespect for the United States and the American Jewish community". He said that the Foreign Ministry considered J Street "guilty of the crime of explicitly calling itself pro-Israel, while not agreeing wholeheartedly with everything the government of Israel says and does".[47] Haviv Rettig Gur, writing in The Jerusalem Post, said that "J Street won a small victory" in the incident. "If American legislators with pro-Israel records say J Street is kosher", Gur wrote, "that creates a new political reality with which the Israeli Right must contend."[48]

The Foreign Ministry said J Street's assertions that Ayalon refused to meet with members of the U.S. Congress and that he later apologized were untrue, and that they were a fund-raising publicity stunt and a "premeditated public relations circus". Barukh Binah, Foreign Ministry deputy director-general and head of its North America Division said that Ayalon did not prevent any meetings between the J Street group and Israeli high officials and that Ayalon was never on the delegation's schedule. J Street said its information was based on news reports in Yedioth Ahronoth and Maariv.[49]

During a panel organized by the Knesset Immigration, Absorption and Public Diplomacy Committee, MK Danny Danon (Likud) and MK Otniel Schneller (Kadima) argued that J Street was not a pro-Israel organization, and proposed a statement to that effect which did not pass.[50][51] Jeffrey Goldberg at The Atlantic described Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's repeated refusal to meet with representatives of J Street as a "farce" and added: "He should argue with J Street, yell at J Street, grapple with J Street, but most of all meet with J Street. Those Israelis, and those American Jews, who believe that J Street, and the spirit it represents, are fleeting phenomena have absolutely no idea what is happening in the Jewish world.[51]

In May 2013, Yedioth Ahronoth reported that the Israeli government appears to be building closer ties to J Street, with a group of J Street representatives scheduled to meet, for the first time, members of the government, including President Shimon Peres.[52]

On March 17, 2015, Netanyahu won a resounding victory in Israeli elections. His denial of a two state solution happening on his watch and comments he made that are considered by some to be "racist" motivated J Street at its convention to make clear its opposition to the occupation, opposition to BDS, opposition to American Jewish support of Jewish settlements in the West Bank and to efforts by organizations like Hillel to limit the discussion on Israel and the peace process. Liberal Knesset Member Stav Shaffir encouraged J Street to hone the message of the pro-peace camp in Israel as well as the U.S., and she "brought the crowd to its feet repeatedly as she described the battle ahead for a two-state solution". J Street followed Obama's lead in considering international alternatives to direct negotiations between the Israeli government and Palestinians.[53]

In February 2017, The New York Times reported that David Friedman, U.S. President Donald Trump's pick to be Ambassador to Israel, would formally apologize for previously labeling supporters of J Street as "worse than kapos" during his conformation hearing.[54] J Street urged those who oppose Friedman's appointment to write to their senators and reject his nomination,[55] and alongside a number of progressive organizations collected more than 600 signatures from American rabbis and cantors who opposed Friedman's appointment.[56]

التمويل

Confidential IRS documents obtained by The Washington Times in 2010 showed that George Soros had been a donor to J Street since 2008. The approximately $750,000 from Soros and his family, together with donations from Hong Kong-based businesswoman Ms. Consolacion Esdicul, amounted to about 15% of J Street's funding in its early years.[57] In previous statements and on its web site J Street had seemed to deny receiving support from foreign interests and from Soros, a bête noire to conservatives.[58][59] Jeremy Ben-Ami apologized for earlier "misleading" statements regarding funding from Soros. Ben-Ami also clarified that donors to 501(c)(4) organizations are promised confidentiality by law and challenged critics to make public the contributors to opposing organizations.[60] Rabbi Steve Gutow, a president of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, called J Street "irresponsible" for its handling of the issue.[58]

In August 2022, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) tweeted that "George Soros has a long history of backing anti-Israel groups...Now he’s giving $1 million to help @jstreetdotorg support anti-Israel candidates and attack pro-Israel Democrats. AIPAC works to strengthen pro-Israel mainstream Democrats. J Street & Soros work to undermine them." In response to the tweet, the left-wing Jewish organization IfNotNow denounced AIPAC for antisemitism, tweeting that "AIPAC is the antisemitic far right...They are not a Jewish org, nor claim to be one."[61][62]

الإستجابة العامة

ينقسم الإسرائيليون حيال جي ستريت بين مؤيد ومعارض. ويعبر المحاضر في العلوم السياسية في الجامعة العبرية البروفيسور يارون إزراحي عن سعادته بإنشاء جي ستريت ويرى بمقاطعة السفير الإسرائيلي لمؤتمرها تعبيرا عن غباء حكومة نتنياهو وضيق أفقها.

ويرجح إزراحي في تصريح للجزيرة نت أن تترك أثرا متصاعدا على السياسة الخارجية الأميركية من خلال الكونگرس، وأن تشكل وزنا موازيا لإيباك التي تأسست في خمسينيات القرن الماضي ومعروفة بمواقفها المتشددة والمساندة لليمين الإسرائيلي.

ويشير إزراحي إلى أن جي ستريت -التي تعرف نفسها بأنها تنظيم صهيوني مؤيد لإسرائيل والسلام- جاءت وليدة الانتقادات القاسية التي يتعرض لها اليمين الإسرائيلي الحاكم في أميركا والعالم.

ويضيف أنه "بات الجميع يعلم أن نتنياهو غير شجاع وكل ما يقوم به لا يعدو أن يكون مناورات بالعلاقات العامة التضليلية".

وشدد على أن أوساطا هامة لدى اليهود في أميركا (ستة ملايين) تدرك اليوم أن نتنياهو يستطيع أن ينجز تسوية مع الفلسطينيين عبر تغيير ائتلافه الحاكم وضم حزب كاديما له لكنه لا يريد تسوية الدولتين، وهذا ما يزيد من التفاف الأميركيين اليهود حول جي ستريت.

ويتوقع إزراحي أن تساعد جي ستريت -التي انتقدت العدوان على غزة- حركة السلام الإسرائيلية وأن تحرم اليمين الإسرائيلي من الدعم الفوري التقليدي للوبي الصهيوني في الولايات المتحدة.

في المقابل يشكك الوزير الأسبق يوسي سريد (ميرتس) بقدرة جي ستريت على منافسة "إيباك رغم مشاركة مائة ألف يهودي أميركي بعضويتها". ويشكك كذلك بقدرتها على التأثير بالمسيرة السياسية المعطلة.

بموازاة ذلك حملت أوساط يمينية إسرائيلية على جي ستريت واعتبرت أن إسرائيل ليست بحاجة لها ولدعمها وأنها هي صاحبة المواقف الأخلاقية، واتهمتها برؤية مشوهة للشرق الأوسط.

اليهود الخونة

ودعا رئيس الكونگرس اليهودي العالمي سابقا والمقرب من نتنياهو إيزي ليبلر في مقال نشرته جروزالم بوست لمواجهة "اليهود الخونة.. العدو الداخلي" ولمقاطعة جي ستريت كونها تشارك بـ"فرية" ضد الشعب اليهودي.

وشبه ليبلر مؤيدي جي ستريت بالشيوعيين اليهود الذين هتفوا لستالين حينما أعدم يهودا آخرين وقال إنهم يشاركون في شيطنة ونزع شرعية دولة اليهود.

ويرى رئيس معهد دراسات الأمن القومي والخبير بالشؤون الأميركية الدكتور عوديد عيران أنه من المبكر الحديث عن منافسة قوية بين جي ستريت وإيباك، خصوصا وأن الأولى ما زالت حديثة العهد وموجودة في واشنطن فقط، بينما تنشط الثانية بكافة أرجاء الولايات المتحدة.

ورداُ على سؤال للجزيرة نت يتوقع عيران أن تؤثر جي ستريت على السياسة الخارجية الأميركية ويرى أن القيادات الإسرائيلية منقسمة حيال الموقف منها.

ويشير لتحفظ رئيس الحكومة بنيامين نتنياهو وائتلافه الحاكم حيالها، بينما تحظى بدعم سلفه إيهود أولمرت وحزبه كاديما. وتابع أنه "ليس سهلا على الحكومة الإسرائيلية بعد عقود من التعاون مع إيباك أن تبني علاقات مع المجموعة الجديدة". وتابع أنه "عاجلاً أم آجلاً يجب على الحكومة أن تنظر لها بجدية".

يشار إلى أن عددا من الأحزاب السياسية بإسرائيل مثل كاديما والعمل وميرتس ومن مؤيدي السلام كالكاتب عاموس عوز، نشروا في صحيفة هآرتس الثلاثاء يهنئون جي ستريت ويشدون على أيديها من أجل السلام.

الهيئات الناقدة

ويعزز تصاعد جي ستريت قوة الهيئات الإسرائيلية الناقدة لحكومة نتنياهو والتي ترى أن سياسة الأخير الخارجية وتعنت مواقفه يعمقان عزلة إسرائيل دوليا.

ويعتبر المعلق البارز جدعون ليفي في مقال نشر في هآرتس أن قيام حكومة نتنياهو ووكلائها بانتقاد جي ستريت يعكس حالة يأس وضياع وتخبط إسرائيل التي "تضرب أعداءها وأصدقاءها" على حد سواء محذرا من تجاهل صعود القوة اليهودية الأمريكية الجديدة. [63]

انظر أيضا

المصادر

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  63. ^ الجزيرة نت


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