جون ماندڤيل

Full-page portrait of Sir John Mandeville. Created 1459.

لأشخاص آخرين اسمهم جون ماندڤيل, انظر جون ماندڤيل (توضيح).

Sir John Mandeville is the supposed author of The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a travel memoir which first circulated between 1357 and 1371. The earliest surviving text is in French.

By aid of translations into many other languages, the work acquired extraordinary popularity. Despite the extremely unreliable and often fantastical nature of the travels it describes, it was used as a work of reference—Christopher Columbus, for example, was heavily influenced by both this work and Marco Polo's earlier Travels.

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 تحليل عمله

نبات القطن as imagined and drawn by John Mandeville; "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie.".

Illustration of a defloration rite (1484 edition).

 Odoric of Pordenone

المقالة الرئيسية: Odoric of Pordenone

للمزيد من المعلومات: Europeans in Medieval China

 عن مصر

It is difficult to decide on the character of his statements as to recent التاريخ المصري. In his account of that country, though the series of the Comanian (of the Bahri dynasty) sultans is borrowed from Hetoum down to the accession of Mel echnasser (Al-Nasir Muhammad), who came first to the throne in 1293, Mandeville appears to speak from his own knowledge when he adds that this "Melechnasser reigned long and governed wisely". In fact, though twice displaced in the early part of his life, Al-Nasir Muhammad reigned till 1341, a duration unparalleled in Muslim Egypt, whilst we are told that during the last thirty years of his reign, Egypt rose to a high pitch of wealth and prosperity.

Mandeville, however, then goes on to say that his eldest son, Melechemader, was chosen to succeed; but this prince was caused privily to be slain by his brother, who took the kingdom under the name of Meleclimadabron. "And he was Soldan when I departed from those countries". Now Al-Nasir Muhammad was followed in succession by no less than eight of his sons in thirteen years, the first three of whom reigned in aggregate only a few months. The names mentioned by Mandeville appear to represent those of the fourth and sixth of the eight, viz. al-Salih Ismail, and al-Muzzafar Hajji]; and these the statements of Mandeville do not fit.

 الكلمات

On several occasions, Arabic words are given, but are not always recognizable, owing perhaps to the carelessness of copyists in such matters. Thus, we find the names (not satisfactorily identified) of the wood, fruit and sap of the Himalayan Balsam; of bitumen, "alkatran" (al-Kāṭrān); of the three different kinds of pepper (long pepper, black pepper and white pepper) as sorbotin, fulful and bano or bauo (fulful is the common Arabic word for pepper; the others have not been satisfactorily explained). But these, and the particulars of his narrative for which no literary sources have yet been found, are too few to constitute a proof of personal experience.

 انظر أيضاً

• Menocchio

 المراجع

• Adams, Percy G. (1988), Travel Literature Through the Ages, New York: Garland, ISBN 0-8240-8503-5 
• The Book of John Mandeville , or, Sir John Mandeville's Travels, in Middle English, Illuminated Manuscript on Vellum, Christie's, 2 June 2010, http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5320068, retrieved on 25 June 2011 
• Hartig, Otto (1910), "Jean de Mandeville" , in Herbermann, Charles (ed.), Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 9, New York: Robert Appleton Company
• Larner, John (2008), "Plucking Hairs from the Great Cham’s Beard: Marco Polo, Jan de Langhe, and Sir John Mandeville", in Akbari, Suzanne Conklin; Iannucci, Amilcare, Marco Polo and the Encounter of East and West, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 133–155, ISBN 978-0-8020-9928-0 
• Higgins, Ian M. (2011), The Book of John Mandeville with Related Texts, Indianapolis: Hackett, ISBN 978-0-87220-935-0 
• Higgins, Ian M. (1997), Writing East. The "travels" of Sir John Mandeville, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-3343-3 
• قالب:Cite DNB
• Warner, George Frederic, Egerton text'', The Roxburghe Club 
• Wittkower, Rudolf (1942), "Marvels of the East. A study in the History of Monsters", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5: 159–187 

Attribution

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Nicholson, Edward Williams Byron (1911). "Mandeville, Jehan de" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) This article cites:
  • G.F. Warner's article in the Dictionary of National Biography for a comprehensive account, and for bibliographical references (see above)
  • Ulysse Chevalier's Repertoire des sources historiques du moyen âge for references generally; and the Zeitschr. f. celt. Philologie II., i. 126, for an edition and translation, by Dr Whitley Stokes, of Fingin O'Mahony's Irish version of the Travels.
  • D'Avezac, ed. (1839), Rec. de voyages et de mémoires, iv, The Soc. de Géog. 
  • Halliwell, ed. (1866), The voiage and travaile of Sir John Maundeville, kt., which treateth of the way to Hierusalem; and of marvayles of Inde, with other ilands and countryes, Reprinted from the ed. of A.D. 1725. With an introd., additional notes, and glossary 
  • Barrois, ed. (1371) (in French), MS. Nouv. Acq. Franç. 4515, Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale 
  • Grenville Collection (British Museum)  —which dates probably from the early part of the 15th century.

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 للاستزادة

• Bennett, Josephine Waters (1954), The Rediscovery of Sir John Mandeville, New York 
• Mandeville, Sir John; Halliwell-Phillipps, James Orchard (1883), Reprinted from the ed. of A.D. 1725. With an introd., additional notes, and glossary, ed., The voiage and travaile of Sir John Maundeville, kt., which treateth of the way to Hierusalem; and of marvayles of Inde, with other ilands and countryesv, 1, London: Reeves and Turner, https://archive.org/details/voiagetravaileof00manduoft  — with links (urls) to eight other editions at the Internet Archive.
• Mandeville, John (2005) [1983], Moseley, Charles, ed., The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (revised and expanded edition ed.), Penguin Classics 
• Mandeville, John (2012), Bale, Anthony, ed., The Book of Marvels and Travels" (a new translation and edition ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-960060-1 
• Milton, Giles (2001), The Riddle and the Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, London: Sceptre, ISBN 0-340-81945-6 
• Sobecki, Sebastian (2002), "Mandeville's Thought of the Limit: The Discourse of Similarity and Difference in The Travels of Sir John Mandeville", The Review of English Studies 53 (3): 329–343, doi:10.1093/res/53.211.329 

 وصلات خارجية

• أعمال من جون ماندڤيل في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Works by or about جون ماندڤيل at Internet Archive
• The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
•  "Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
• Podcast, discussion with Anthony Bale, at [1] New Books in History, on a new edition and translation of Mandeville's Book.