جورج أنطونيوس

George Antonius
جورج حبيب أنطونيوس
George Antonius; جورج حبيب أنطونيوس
وُلِدَ	أكتوبر 19, 1891; Deir al Qamar, Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Ottoman Empire
توفي	مايو 21, 1942 (aged 50); Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine
المنطقة	Eastern Mediterranean
المدرسة	Nationalism, Arab nationalism
الاهتمامات الرئيسية	History, Literature

قالب:Expand Hebrew

Tombstone of George Antonius at the Orthodox cemetery on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. The epitaph says "Heed and awaken, O Arabs".

George Habib Antonius, CBE (hon.) (العربية: جورج حبيب أنطونيوس‎; October 9, 1891 – May 21, 1942) was a Lebanese author and diplomat who settled in Jerusalem. He was one of the first historians of Arab nationalism. Born in Deir al Qamar^[1] to a Lebanese Eastern Orthodox Christian family, he served as a civil servant in the British Mandate of Palestine. His 1938 book The Arab Awakening generated an ongoing debate over such issues as the origins of Arab nationalism, the significance of the Arab Revolt of 1916, and the machinations behind the post-World War I political settlement in West Asia and North Africa. In the book, he raised concern about the fate of religious coexistence in Palestine in the face of Zionist colonization, while also recognizing the horror of anti-Jewish Nazism.^[2]

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Philosophy

Antonius traced Arab nationalism to the reign of Mehmet Ali Pasha in Egypt. He argued that the Arab nation (which consists of racial and cultural-linguistic elements) has been "dormant" for centuries and that Protestant missionaries from the United States had a specific role in the renewal and "awakening" of the Arabic as a national language. He saw the role of the Syrian Protestant College as central to this development, although he notes that later on, by the end of the 19th century, that role has diminished, since the college initiated instruction in English. By then the torch of the movement had been passed to Arab intellectuals residing in the region of Syria and in Europe and to Arab officers in the Ottoman army who formed a secret society to ultimately promote Arab nationalist interests. These officers proved particularly useful later during World War I after the leadership of the movement openly shifted allegiance to support the Entente. Other than tracing the birth of the Arab national movement, Antonius also argued that it was Great Britain that dishonoured its prior commitments to the Arabs and instead pursued its own colonial interests at the expense of what Antonius calls the "true will of the people," namely unity and independence of the would-be Arab state.

Career

Sir Gilbert Clayton and George Antonius (in white suit) with King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud (centre), Jedda c 1925.

Antonius graduated from Cambridge University and joined the newly formed British Mandate Administration in Palestine as the deputy in the Education Department. His wife, Katy, was a daughter of Faris Nimr Pasha, a wealthy Lebanese Christian and cultural activist. Antonius had a difficult relationship with the British. Despite his senior position he and his wife were refused membership in the Jerusalem sports club which had a "No Natives" policy.^[3]

In 1925, Antonius joined Gilbert Clayton in the newly formed Saudi Arabia, as his translator and advisor in the negotiations to agree on the boundaries of Saudi Arabia^[4] with Iraq, Transjordan and Yemen.^[5]

He resigned his position in 1930 to join the Institute of Current World Affairs in New York City. He was secretary general to the Arab Delegation to the London Conference (1939).^[6]

An annual lecture is given in his memory at St Antony's College, Oxford.^[7]

Personal life

Antonius was the son-in-law of Faris Nimr who was a Lebanese journalist and founder of the newspaper Al Muqattam.^[8]

Gallery

London Conference, St. James' Palace, February 1939. Palestinian delegates (foreground), Left to right: Fu'ad Saba, Yaqub Al-Ghussein, Musa Alami, Amin Tamimi, Jamal Al-Husseini, Awni Abdul Hadi, George Antonius, and Alfred Roch. Facing the Palestinians are the British, with Sir Neville Chamberlain presiding. To his right is Lord Halifax, and to his left, Malcolm MacDonald.
While writing The Arab Awakening, Antonius was a tenant at the Shepherd Hotel.^[9]

References

^ Cleveland, William (2001). "The Worlds of George Antonius". Auto/Biography and the Construction of Identity and Community in the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 126. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-62114-9_9. ISBN 978-1-349-62114-9. Retrieved أبريل 18, 2021.
^ Makdisi, Ussama Samir (2019). Age of coexistence: the ecumenical frame and the making of the modern Arab world. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-520-97174-5.
^ Larsson, Theo (1995). Seven Passports for Palestine. Sixty Years in the Levant. Longfield. p. 27. ISBN 0-9525-379-0-7.
^ University of Oxford. St Antony's College. Middle East Centre. George Antonius Collection. Fonds level description. Biographical history: Antonius, George Habib (1891–1942)
^ Report by Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.B.E., C.B., C.M.G., on his missions to negotiate certain agreements with the Sultan of Nejd, and instructions issued to him in regard to his mission, National Archives, 25 November 1925, CO 935/1/7
^ Khalidi, Walid (1984). Before their Diaspora: A photographic history of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Institute of Palestine Studies. p. 290. ISBN 0-88728-143-5.
^ Mehrez, Samia (2010). Egypt's Culture Wars – Politics and Practice. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774163746.
^ Ann M. Lesch (2005). "Antonius, George". In Philip Mattar (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6.
^ Kessler, Oren (2023). Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1538148808.

Sources

Antonius, G.; Nomico, Ch. A. (1924). "A Brief Account of the Painted tile Work in the Armenian Cathedral of St James". Jerusalem 1920–1922. London: 57-60.
Silsby Boyle, Susan (2001). Betrayal of Palestine: The Story of George Antonius. Boulder, CO, USA: Westview Press. ISBN 0813337593.

External links

Antonius, George. The Arab awakening: the story of the Arab national movement. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1939.
Kramer, Martin (1996) Ambition, Arabism, and George Antonius in Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East, ed. Martin Kramer (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1996), 112–23.
Documents of Western Betrayal and Arab Opposition from The Arab Awakening

[The_Worlds_of_George_Antonius-1] Cleveland, William (2001). "The Worlds of George Antonius". Auto/Biography and the Construction of Identity and Community in the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 126. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-62114-9_9. ISBN 978-1-349-62114-9. Retrieved أبريل 18, 2021.

[2] Makdisi, Ussama Samir (2019). Age of coexistence: the ecumenical frame and the making of the modern Arab world. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-520-97174-5.

[3] Larsson, Theo (1995). Seven Passports for Palestine. Sixty Years in the Levant. Longfield. p. 27. ISBN 0-9525-379-0-7.

[4] University of Oxford. St Antony's College. Middle East Centre. George Antonius Collection. Fonds level description. Biographical history: Antonius, George Habib (1891–1942)

[5] Report by Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.B.E., C.B., C.M.G., on his missions to negotiate certain agreements with the Sultan of Nejd, and instructions issued to him in regard to his mission, National Archives, 25 November 1925, CO 935/1/7

[6] Khalidi, Walid (1984). Before their Diaspora: A photographic history of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Institute of Palestine Studies. p. 290. ISBN 0-88728-143-5.

[7] Mehrez, Samia (2010). Egypt's Culture Wars – Politics and Practice. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774163746.

[8] Ann M. Lesch (2005). "Antonius, George". In Philip Mattar (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8160-6986-6.

[9] Kessler, Oren (2023). Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1538148808.

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