تنافسية

التنافسية مفهوم نسبي لمقدرة وأداءشركة ما أو قطاع فرعي أو بلد في بيع أو توريد السلع و/أو الخدمات في سوق معين.

ورغم استخدام مصطلح التنافسية في الاقتصاد وإدارة الأعمال ففائدته كمفهوم وبالأخص في سياق التنافسية الوطنية أمر يجادل فيه الكثيرون منهم پول كروگمان.[1].

وقد يستخدم المصطلح لوصف السوق للإشارة غلى درجة اعتبار بنية السوق ذات تنافسية عالية.وبالطبع لا يتعلق هذا الاستخدام بدرجة تنافسية الشركات في السوق.

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تنافسية الشركات

Empirical observation confirms that resources (capital, labor, technology) and talent tend to concentrate geographically (Easterly and Levine 2002). This result reflects the fact that firms are embedded in inter-firm relationships with networks of suppliers, buyers and even competitors that help them to gain competitive advantages in the sale of its products and services. While arms-length market relationships do provide these benefits, at times there are externalities that arise from linkages among firms in a geographic area or in a specific industry (textiles, leather goods, silicon chips) that cannot be captured or fostered by markets alone. The process of “clusterization,” the creation of “value chains,” or “industrial districts” are models that highlight the advantages of networks.

Within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness, this practically pertains to business sectors.


التنافسية الوطنية

In recent years, the concept of competitiveness has emerged as a new paradigm in economic development. Competitiveness captures the awareness of both the limitations and challenges posed by global competition, at a time when effective government action is constrained by budgetary constraints and the private sector faces significant barriers to competing in domestic and international markets.

The term is also used to refer in a broader sense to the economic competitiveness of countries, regions or cities. Recently, countries are increasingly looking at their competitiveness on global markets. Ireland (1997), Saudi Arabia (2000), Greece (2003), Croatia (2004), Bahrain (2005), the Philippines (2006), Guyana and the Dominican Republic are just some examples of countries that have advisory bodies or special government agencies that tackle competitiveness issues. Even regions or cities, such as Dubai or the Basque Country, are considering the establishment of such a body.

The institutional model applied in the case of National Competitiveness Programs (NCP) varies from country to country, however, there are some common features. The leadership structure of NCPs relies on strong support from the highest level of political authority. High-level support provides credibility with the appropriate actors in the private sector. Usually, the council or governing body will have a designated public sector leader (president, vice-president or minister) and a co-president drawn from the private sector. Notwithstanding the public sector’s role in strategy formulation, oversight, and implementation, national competitiveness programs should have strong, dynamic leadership from the private sector at all levels – national, local and firm. From the outset, the program must provide a clear diagnostic of the problems facing the economy and a compelling vision that appeals to a broad set of actors who are willing to seek change and implement an outward-oriented growth strategy. Finally, most programs share a common view on the importance of networks of firms or “clusters” as an organizing principal for collective action. Based on a bottom-up approach, programs that support the association among private business leadership, civil society organizations, public institutions and political leadership can better identify barriers to competitiveness; develop joint-decisions on strategic policies and investments; and yield better results in implementation.

National competitiveness is said to be particularly important for small open economies, which rely on trade, and typically foreign direct investment, to provide the scale necessary for productivity increases to drive increases in living standards. The Irish National Competitiveness Council uses a Competitiveness Pyramid structure to simplify the factors that affect national competitiveness. It distinguishes in particular between policy inputs in relation to the business environment, the physical infrastructure and the knowledge infrastructure and the essential conditions of competitiveness that good policy inputs create, including business performance metrics, productivity, labour supply and prices/costs for business.

Competitiveness is important for any economy that must rely on international trade to balance import of energy and raw materials. The European Union (EU) has enshrined industrial research and technological development (R&D) in her Treaty in order to become more competitive. In 2009, €12 billion of the EU budget [2](totalling €133.8 billion) will go on projects to boost Europe's competitiveness. The way for the EU to face competitiveness is to invest in education, research, innovation and technological infrastructures.[3][4]

The International Economic Development Council (IEDC) [5] in Washington, D.C. published the "Innovation Agenda: A Policy Statement on American Competitiveness". This paper summarizes the ideas expressed at the 2007 IEDC Federal Forum and provides policy recommendations for both economic developers and federal policy makers that aim to ensure America remains globally competitive in light of current domestic and international challenges [6].

International comparisons of national competitiveness are conducted by the World Economic Forum, in its Global Competitiveness Report, and the Institute for Management Development [7], in its World Competitiveness Yearbook [8].

Scholarly analyses of national competitiveness have largely been qualitatively descriptive [9]. Systematic efforts by academics to define meaningfully and to quantitatively analyze national competitiveness have been made [10], with the determinants of national competitiveness econometrically modeled [11].

الانتقادات

Krugman (1994) argues that "As a practical matter, however, the doctrine of 'competitiveness' is flatly wrong. The world's leading nations are not, to any important degree, in economic competition with each other." As Krugman notes, national economic welfare is determined primarily by productivity in both traded and non-traded sectors of the economy.[1].

If the concept of national competitiveness has any substantive meaning it must reside in the factors about a nation that facilitate productivity, and alongside criticism of nebulous and erroneous conceptions of national competitiveness systematic and rigorous attempts like Thompson’s [10] need to be elaborated.

انظر أيضاً

مصادر

  1. ^ أ ب http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19940301faessay5094/paul-krugman/competitiveness-a-dangerous-obsession.html
  2. ^ EU Budget 2009: gearing up for economic recovery
  3. ^ Muldur, U., et al., “A New Deal for an Effective European Research Policy,” Springer 2006 ISBN 978-1-4020-5550-8 [1]
  4. ^ Stajano, A. "Research, Quality, Competitiveness. EU Technology Policy fro the Knowledge-based Society," Springer 2009 ISBN 978-0-387-79264-4 [2]
  5. ^ http://www.iedconline.org
  6. ^ http://www.http://www.iedconline.org/Downloads/IEDC_Innovation_Agenda.pdf
  7. ^ http://www.imd.ch
  8. ^ http://www.imd.ch/wcy
  9. ^ Porter M E, 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nations London: Macmillan
  10. ^ أ ب Thompson, E R, 2003. A grounded approach to identifying national competitive advantage, Environment and Planning A, 35, 631-657.
  11. ^ Thompson, E. R. 2004. National competitiveness: A question of cost conditions or institutional circumstances? British Journal of Management, 15(3): 197-218.

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