تاريخ قانون براءة الاختراع

قانون الملكية الفكرية
الحقوق الرئيسية
	حقوق النشر; براءة الإختراع; علامة تجارية; حقوق التصميم الصناعي; Utility models; Geographical indication; Trade secrets; الحقوق المرتبطة; الأسماء التجارية; أسماء النطاقات;
حقوق المشابهة
	حقوق قواعد البيانات; Mask work; حقوق مهجني النبات; Supplementary protection certificate; الملكية الفكرية للشعوب الأصلية;
مواضيع أخرى
	انتقادات; المزيد…;
	edit box

تاريخ براءة الاختراع وقانون براءة الاختراع يُعتبر عموماً أنه قد ابتدأ بقانون براءة الاختراع البندقي 1474 وقانون الاحتكارات الإنگليزي في 1624.^[1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

السوابق المبكرة

تطور نظام براءات الاختراع الحديث

1474: قانون براءة الاختراع البندقي.

في 19 مارس 1474، صدر قانون براءة الاختراع البندقي كان الأول من نوعه في العالم، وقد أعلن أن "كل شخص في هذه المدينة، يصنع أي جهاز جديد وعبقري، لم يكن يُصنع حتى ذلك الوقت في أرضنا، فبمجرد إكتماله، يصبح ممنوعاً على أي شخص آخر في أي منطقة أو مكان تابع لنا أن يصنع أي جهاز آخر بشكل أو شبه ذلك الجهاز، بدون موافقة وتصريح صاحب الاختراع، وذلك لمدة عشر سنوات." وكان الهدف من القانون جذب المخترعين والمستثمرين إلى البندقية ولتحفيز أنشطة اقتصادية جديدة، فكانت أحد عوامل انطلاق عصر النهضة.

James Puckle's 1718 early autocannon was one of the first inventions required to provide a specification for a patent.

الاندماج

First ever U.S. patent, granted to Samuel Hopkins in 1790.

نقد

Under the influence of the ascendant economic philosophy of free trade economics in England, the patent law began to be criticised in the 1850s as obstructing research and benefiting the few at the expense of public good.^[2] The campaign against patenting expanded to target copyright too and, in the judgment of historian Adrian Johns, "remains to this day the strongest [campaign] ever undertaken against intellectual property", coming close to abolishing patents.^[3]

Its most prominent activists - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, William Robert Grove, William Armstrong and Robert A. MacFie - were inventors and entrepreneurs, and it was also supported by radical laissez-faire economists (The Economist published anti-patent views), law scholars, scientists (who were concerned that patents were obstructing research) and manufacturers.^[4] Johns summarizes some of their main arguments as follows:^[5]

[Patents] projected an artificial idol of the single inventor, radically denigrated the role of the intellectual commons, and blocked a path to this commons for other citizens — citizens who were all, on this account, potential inventors too. [...] Patentees were the equivalent of squatters on public land — or better, of uncouth market traders who planted their barrows in the middle of the highway and barred the way of the people.

Similar debates took place during that time in other European countries such as France, Prussia, Switzerland and the Netherlands.^[6] Based on the criticism of patents as state-granted monopolies inconsistent with free trade, هولندا abolished patents in 1869 (having established them in 1817), and did not reintroduce them until 1912.^[7] In Switzerland, criticism of patents delayed the introduction of patent laws until 1907.^[6]^[7]

In England, despite much public debate, the system wasn't abolished - it was reformed with the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852. This simplified procedure for obtaining patents, reduced fees and created one office for the entire المملكة المتحدة, instead of different systems for England and Wales and Scotland. In France as well, a similar controversy erupted in the 1860s and reforms were made.^[8]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

^ Helmut Schippel: Die Anfänge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig, in: Uta Lindgren (Hrsg.): Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4. Aufl., Berlin 2001, S.539-550 ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
^ Johns, Adrian: Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. The University of Chicago Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-226-40118-8, p.247
^ Johns, Adrian: Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. The University of Chicago Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-226-40118-8, p.247
^ Johns, Adrian: Piracy, p. 249, 267, 270
^ Johns, Adrian: Piracy, p. 273, citing W.R. Grove: Suggestions for Improvements in the Administration of the Patent Law, The Jurist n.s. 6 (January 28, 1860) 19-25 (online copy at Google Books), and B. Sherman, L. Bently: The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law (CUP 1999), 50-56
^ ^أ ^ب Johns, Adrian: Piracy, p. 248
^ ^أ ^ب Chang, Ha-Joon. "Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism". Post-Autistic Economics Review. 4 September 2002: Issue 15, Article 3. Retrieved on 8 October 2008.
^ Gabriel Galvez-Behar, La République des inventeurs. Propriété et organisation de l'innovation en France, 1791-1922, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008, ISBN 2-7535-0695-7, ISBN 978-2-7535-0695-4.

المراجع

Kenneth W. Dobyns, The Patent Office Pony; A History of the Early Patent Office, Sergeant Kirkland's Press 1994. [1]
Howard B. Rockman, Intellectual Property law for Engineers and Scientists.
Bugbee, Bruce W. Genesis of American Patent and Copyright Law. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press (1967).
Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English patent system, 1660–1800, Cambridge University Press.
Galvez-Behar, G. La République des inventeurs. Propriété et organisation de l'innovation en France, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008.

وصلات خارجية

براءات الاختراع الأولى

الأمريكية

سلسلة X : U.S. Patent X000٬001 "Improvements in making pot ash and pearle ash"
أول رقمي : U.S. Patent 0٬000٬001 "Traction Wheel"
أول تصميم : U.S. Patent D000٬001 Script font type
أول إعادة اصدار : U.S. Patent RE00٬001 "Grain Drill"

المواقع

الكلمات الدالة:

[1] Helmut Schippel: Die Anfänge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig, in: Uta Lindgren (Hrsg.): Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4. Aufl., Berlin 2001, S.539-550 ISBN 3-7861-1748-9

[2] Johns, Adrian: Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. The University of Chicago Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-226-40118-8, p.247

[3] Johns, Adrian: Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates. The University of Chicago Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-226-40118-8, p.247

[4] Johns, Adrian: Piracy, p. 249, 267, 270

[5] Johns, Adrian: Piracy, p. 273, citing W.R. Grove: Suggestions for Improvements in the Administration of the Patent Law, The Jurist n.s. 6 (January 28, 1860) 19-25 (online copy at Google Books), and B. Sherman, L. Bently: The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law (CUP 1999), 50-56

[johnscountries-6] أ ^ب Johns, Adrian: Piracy, p. 248

[kick-7] أ ^ب Chang, Ha-Joon. "Kicking Away the Ladder: How the Economic and Intellectual Histories of Capitalism Have Been Re-Written to Justify Neo-Liberal Capitalism". Post-Autistic Economics Review. 4 September 2002: Issue 15, Article 3. Retrieved on 8 October 2008.

[8] Gabriel Galvez-Behar, La République des inventeurs. Propriété et organisation de l'innovation en France, 1791-1922, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008, ISBN 2-7535-0695-7, ISBN 978-2-7535-0695-4.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]