بطيوة

بطيوة
بطيوة كما تبدو من ميناء أرزيو
معلومات
البلد	الجزائر
ولاية	وهران
دائرة
بعض الأرقام
مساحة	كم²
تعداد السكان	نسمة (إحصاء : )
كثافة	نسمة/كم²
موقع جغرافي

بطيوة إحدى بلديات ولاية وهران.

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 اسم المكان

Several hypotheses have been reported as to the origin of the name "Bethioua". One of them would indicate that the name comes directly from the eponymous Berber tribe . The inhabitants of Bethioua themselves claim to be descendants of tribes from the Moroccan Rif of the same name whose period of emigration has been estimated in the middle of the 18th century . As for the name "Bethioua" itself, it would have been given to the new arrivals only after their settlement in the country; it would have been taken from the Arabic "بَطَّة" (batta = wineskin , leather bottle) from the name of the container associated with Sidi Amar whose baraka would have manifested itself during a miraculous rescue off the coast of the bay of Arzew 2 .

René Basset gives us a hypothesis that is closer to the sources, even those that predate the emigration of the Bettioua. The historian Ibn Khaldoun (1332-1406) cites " بطيوة " (Botioua) as one of the three divisions of Morocco. In the 11th century , Al-Bakri in his " كِتاب ألمسالك و ألممالك " (book of roads and kingdoms) mentions a " محرس بُطيوة " (Mahrs Botiouia) near Sfax. Botioua, also pronounced Bettiouia, seems to have designated one of the most important tribes of the Moroccan Rif. Reinforcing this hypothesis, this term has left several traces in various places in northern Morocco 3 .

The historian Ibn Khaldoun informs us in particular that the name of Bettioua is originally that of a large confederation whose habitat is the Rif region , this name is sometimes written Botouïa, sometimes Battouya, Ibettoyen, sometimes Bettioua. It is a branch of the sedentary Berbers of the Sanhadja, called 'founders of empires', whose sedentary branch is found in the Kabylies 4 and whose main achievements include the Fatimid empire, the Qalaa of the Beni Hammad , the kingdom of Bougie or the Almohad empire. Among the main Sanhaji families of Algiers are the Botouïa alongside the Beni Mezghanna 5 .

At the fall of the Almohads , the Ibettiwen of the Rif fell into the hands of the Merinids who established their sovereignty in Fez . The inhabitants of the Rif had no difficulty in recognizing the new Merinid masters and even discovered the means of drawing serious advantages from them in history. One of the women of the Ibettiwen, Oum el Youm, daughter of the Ouled Mallahi of Tafersit entered the royal family by marriage and gave birth to a boy who became the Merinid sovereign Yaqoub ben Abdelhaq 6 .

The Maqsad manuscript (Lives of the Saints of the Rif) also relates the importance by Roland Fréjus of the role of this tribe located between the Nekkor and the Moulouya in the 18th century in relations with southern France as well as in the reconquest of the cities of western Morocco (Tetouan, Assilah, Badis, Mazagan, Taroudant) 7 .

In 1678, a certain Riffian general Haddu Al-Battiwi liberated the city of Tangier from British occupation with the help of his troops. In his army, there are Ibettiwen 8 . Thus in the current region of Fahs of Tangier, in Assilah and Larache, the surnames Bettioui or Abetuy are widespread, as is the Andalusian music singer Zohra Bettiwa 9 .

Unknown Morocco remembers that: From Tazaghine, Mohammed passes to Zegzaoua. This is the name given to a series of hamlets, following one another without interruption, from East to West. Not far from this town, we notice the village of Bettioua, where the Berbers of Arzew (Bethioua) originate. This is what they themselves affirm and this is what the natives of Beni Said say who come to the department of Oran to rent their arms to the colonists. During the stay that Mohammed made in Bettioua, he had the opportunity to speak of his brothers that destiny (el-mektoub) unfortunately placed under Christian authority [...] Exploration of the Rif, page 131 10 .

Finally, the toponym “Battouia” was found in western Algeria, between Nedroma and Tlemcen 4 .

 تاريخ پورتوس ماگنوس

Founded on the ruins of a supposed Phoenician trading post 11 which later became Portus Magnus , it has been known since the 5th century ( 10th Gregorian) under the name of Rziou (Arzew) .

The history of the Roman city of Portus Magnus is little known. Built on a cliff overlooking a plain separating it from the sea, it bore the name of Portus Magnus , which is also supposed to have covered the port site extending from Arzew . The exact location of its port is not perfectly recognized 12 , but Edward Lipinski hypothesizes that it was on a sandy island a short distance from the coast, now disappeared, but traces of which were still visible in the 19th century , and he identifies this island with the island of Bartas mentioned by Pseudo-Scylax 13 . It reached its peak in the 3rd century , and seems to have been abandoned at the beginning of the 4th , under the reign of Diocletian , with the aim of shortening the borders of the Roman Empire to better defend them 14 .

We know from Pliny the Elder that its inhabitants were Roman citizens . 15 An inscription indicates that the inhabitants were enrolled in the Quirina tribe and that the city had quinquennial duumvirates and flamines . 16 , 17

The ruins were deserted in the 11th century when Al-Bakri visited them 1

 أرزيو القديمة في بطيوة

Thomas Shaw visited Arzew in 1747, under the aegis of a friendly sheikh. Numerous Roman mosaics line the coasts

خريطة پورتوس ماگنوس

The Roman ruins of Veil Arzeu were established in the 18th century by a Berber-speaking colony 20 called the Bet't'ioua attached to two çofs (clans); Ait Temait (Beni Maït) and Zegzaoua ( Izegzawen 'the greens' in Amazigh ) whose ancestors would have left the Rif mountains to the west of the Kert within the Aït Said to settle near Mostaganem 21 . Described as Kebaïles by their neighbors and homogeneous from an external point of view, they are divided into 4 fractions, division of two main çofs. Women and men of the Bettioua are called Amazigh (pl. Imazighen) and their language Thamazight 21 .

The history of the Bethioua in Oran , which gave its name to the commune, is established, without absolute certainty, by cross-referencing oral data collected in the 19th century . The Bettioua (in Berber Ibettiwen 22 ) come from a powerful Berber tribe of the same name, populating the Rif (Morocco). Towards the middle of the 18th century , a conflict broke out within the Ait Said following widespread harassment at the time; the clans and their marabout Sidi Amar Ben Ahmed refused to pay the tax attributed to the Rif tribes by the Sultan 23 , whom he led into exile from the Kingdom of Morocco to the Ottoman Empire . This exile led the Bettioua to Algeria, first to Rachgoun near Tlemcen , then near Mazagran and finally to the Roman ruins of Veil Arzeu, while maintaining a certain flow of exchanges with their Rif counterparts 24 , 25 . Those Berbers of the Rif who refused to pay the tax joined them from Ait Temsamane or Ait Oulichek 26 . It is therefore necessary to admit the initial displacement of a fairly large nucleus, a grouping of several tribal fractions forming the core of the group of emigrants 21 . A written number 1177 presented on the sadjara (genealogical table) of Sidi Amar Ben Ahmed, whose mausoleum looks out to sea, would have indicated according to its owner the Hegirian date of the arrival of the marabout in the region which would correspond to the middle of the 18th century 21 , 27 . However, their "official" entry into history was made by a deed of 1784 which established them precisely near the ruins of Portus Magnus: the deed describes the exchange of their territory near Mostaganem in the vicinity of Mazagran , for the territory of Arzew then under the aegis of the bey of Mascara Mohammed El Kebir 28 ; the exchange included the right to exploit the saltworks of Arzew, still included in the current territory of Bethioua.

Auxiliaries of the Turks, they had to control and take care of the Mostaganem-Tlemcen road, which was very busy with the Beylik of the West . In 1834, Emir Abdelkader , who had also done part of his religious studies there, sacked the city of Arzew for its strategic position of the French vanguards, and the inhabitants were forced to find refuge in Mostaganem 29 . A militia composed of Bet't'ioua was formed during the emir's repeated assaults on the city's fortress 30 .

Some left for the Rif, but most of their descendants were still living in the 19th century on the ruins of the Roman city 31 . They had long preserved their Berber language, reported to be dying out in favor of Arabic and of which only a few elderly speakers remained in 1910 32 , 33 . A collection by Samuel Biarnay, now exhibited at the colonial museum in Paris, a disciple of René Basset , including a good part of the lexicon and popular tales was published in the African review of the same year ( Étude sur les Bet'-t'ioua du Vieil-Arzeu , Revue 1910, Samuel Biarnay ) 34 .

There are about a hundred houses and a population of 1,400 people in 1947, mostly Ait Said, some from Temsamane , Iker'ayen and Ait Oulichek 35 , a number of festivals from Berber traditions such as the 'ansra and the yennayer are celebrated there each year. Family names are often derived from nicknames; Zirar: azirar 'long', Benouchen: oučen 'son of the wolf', Achemlel: 'blond', Henniene: those of 'Henni', Zegzaoui: izegzawen 'greens', Kebaïli: aqbayli 'Berber', Isri: isri the fiancé, Mzian: mezyane petit, Tamesaout: petit messaoud Tahid, ousti: from Tahidoust , Ben Yebka: son of Yebka or Loukil: from Beni Oukil small independent fraction on Kert 36 .

Fractions of Aït Saïd of the Rif . Sub- fractions of Bethioua:

Aït Abdenain: Ait Zegzawa, Bettiwa 37 , 38 , Ait Ihatriyen, Ait Ifqih and Ibarchanen; Aït Tekkouk: Ait Addi, Ait Abdouni, Ibaouen; Aït Zaoumi: Tazaghine, Ait Athman , Ait Yaqoub, and Ihmoudhen; Aït Mait: Ait Daoud, Ait Trath, Mekhloufi, Ait Imejjad and Rahmouni. The traditional dish of Bethioua is bessara .

 التراث الأثري

Localisation des cités de l'Afrique romaine: Portus Magnus , Pomaria , Icosium, Cirta.

The site of Vieil Arzew was not identified as Portus Magnus until 1858 by Berbrugger , after the discovery of an epigraphic document mentioning its abbreviated name, an inscription subsequently moved to the promenade of Létang, in Oran 43 .

Certainly, this name was known, by the Itinerary of Antoninus and by the anonymous of Ravenna, and by two allusions of Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela ( Portus cui Magno cognomen est ob spatium ). But the English traveler Thomas Shaw identified in 1732 the site of Vieil Arzew with Arsenaria , because the identity of meaning - the great port - between Portus Magnus and Mers el-Kebir had struck him 44 . This error would perpetuate for several decades.

Confirmation will be obtained by various epigraphic documents , notably milestones 45 . Research was difficult, because the Bettioua have their houses in the middle of the ruins. A small museum was set up in a Roman house, whose rooms and peristyle are paved with mosaics (deteriorating around 1880). Excavations carried out at the Robert farm, also in ruins, allowed the discovery in 1862 of two magnificent mosaics 17 , which will be moved to the municipal museum of Oran around 1885. The opinion of Jean Lassus , director of antiquities of Algeria on these mosaics is less enthusiastic: " Compositions, more ambitious than successful, are treated in earth-ochre, beige and gray colors " 14 . Louis Demaeght noted in 1884 that the ruins served as building material for both the Bettioua and the settlers of Saint-Leu, and that at this rate, the site would be destroyed in a few years 46 .

The excavations were continued in the 20th century by Mrs. Vincent, who had patiently acquired the north-eastern sector of the site with her own money. She uncovered several buildings, some of which had a rather unusual

• 

  Une des mosaïques de Bethioua au musée municipal d'Oran.

• 

  Grande mosaïque de Portus Magnus déplacée au musée municipal d'Oran
  (dessin de 1862).
• 

  Armoiries de Portus Magnus
  aujourd'hui Arzew.

 التراث الطبيعي

 السبخة

The Arzew salt flats, or Arzew sebkha, located entirely in the commune of Bethioua, at its southwestern end, have been classified since December 12, 2004 as a "Ramsar" site , a wetland of international importance for avifauna 48 . This sebkha is very close to another Ramsar site: the Macta marshes . The halophilic vegetation of this sebkha has been the subject of an in-depth scientific study 49 . It emerges that " the wetlands of the Oran region present a floristic biodiversity that deserves protection and conservation " (Bahi, 2012).

• 

  Salines d'Arzew : ceintures de végétation.

• 

  Sebkha d'Arzew.

• 

  Couple de Canard siffleur.

Among the water birds, some species winter in large numbers in these salt marshes. This is the case, for example, for the Wigeon Anas penelope and Shelduck Tadorna tadorna , the Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus , the Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber , the Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta and a series of waders. On the edge of the salt marshes, the halophilic vegetation, which can form very visible belts (see attached photo), is comparable to that of the salt meadows of the Camargue. But few species of birds nest in this environment: the Skylark Alauda arvensis , the Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris , the Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus . In winter, in areas with bushes, the Stonechat Saxicola rubicola is common.

 الاقتصاد

The city has a gas port, Sonatrach 50 petrochemical installations , a seawater desalination plant, and salt works in the sebkha of "Arzew" whose toponym retains the old name of Bethioua.

The Bethioua petrochemical zone is one of the most important petrochemical zones in Algeria , in this zone is located the GL3Z complex, considered as the LNG mega-train .

 الهامش

بوابة الجزائر تصفح مقالات المعرفة المهتمة بالجزائر.

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بوابة الجزائر تصفح مقالات المعرفة المهتمة بالجزائر.

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