إمبراطور روماني مقدس

Emperor
the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor ; the Holy Roman Empire
Imperial
	Reichsadler (Imperial Eagle) used by the emperors ; of the high medieval period
	Double-headed Reichsadler used by the Habsburg emperors of the early modern period
التفاصيل
الأسلوب	His Imperial Majesty
أول عاهل	Charlemagne
آخر عاهل	Francis II
التشكيل	25 December 800
الإلغاء	6 August 1806
المعيـِّن	see Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor
المُطالب	Position abolished

الامبراطور الروماني المقدس ( الالمانيه :Römischer Kaiser واللاتينية : Romanorum Imperator) كان العاهل المنتخب حاكم الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسة ، وأوروبا الوسطى في خلال العصور الوسطى واوائل الفترة الحديثة.

حسب الاتفاق أول إمبراطور روماني مقدس كان ملك الفرنجة الملك شارلمان ، توج كامبراطور الغرب من البابا ليو الثالث في 25 كانون الاول / ديسمبر 800 ، رغم ان الامبراطوريه نفسها (وكذلك اسلوب الامبراطور الروماني المقدس) لم يدخل حيز الاستخدام حتى بعض وبعد فترة زمنيه. توج باباوات روما اباطره الامبراطوريه الرومانيه المقدسة حتى القرن السادس عشر ، وتنازل الامبراطور الاخير ، فرانسيس الثاني ، في 1806 اثناء حروب نابليون التي شهدت حل الامبراطوريه النهائي.

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اللقب

Coats of arms of prince electors surround the Holy Roman Emperor's; from flags book of Jacob Köbel (1545). Electors voted in an Imperial Diet for a new Holy Roman Emperor.

From the time of Constantine I (4th century) the Roman emperors had, with very few exceptions, taken on a role as promoters and defenders of Christianity. The title of Emperor became defunct in Western Europe after the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476, although the rulers of the "barbarian kingdoms" continued to recognize the Eastern Emperor at least nominally well into the 6th century; both the title and connection between Emperor and Church continued in the Eastern Roman Empire until 1453, when it fell to the forces of the Ottoman Empire.

تعاقب الأباطرة الرومان المقدسين

Holy Roman Emperors of Habsburg dynasty and their families

Successions to the kingship were controlled by a variety of complicated factors. Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France, although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors. Some scholars suggest that the task of the elections was really to solve conflicts only when the dynastic rule was unclear, yet the process meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on side, which were known as Wahlkapitulationen (election capitulations).

الأباطرة الرومان المقدسون

This list includes all 47 emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they styled themselves Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps in the tally. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor; Emperor Henry II was numbered as his successor as German King. The Guideschi follow the numeration for the Duchy of Spoleto.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

الأسرة الكارولنجية

Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in 962 as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire (although the term Sacrum Imperium Romanum was not in use before the 13th century).

The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962 were as follows:

Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
Charles I, the Great (Charlemagne) (742–814)	25 December 800	28 January 814		• King of the Lombards • King of the Franks
Louis I, the Pious (778–840)	11 September 813^[1]	20 June 840	Son of Charles I	• King of the Franks • King of Aquitaine
Lothair I (795–855)	5 April 823	29 September 855	Son of Louis I	• King of Bavaria • King of Italy • King of Middle Francia
Louis II (825–875)	29 September 855	12 August 875	Son of Lothair I	• King of Bavaria • King of Italy • King of Middle Francia
Charles II, the Bald (823–877)	29 December 875	6 October 877	Son of Louis I	• King of West Francia • King of Italy
Charles III, the Fat (839–888)	12 February 881	13 January 888	Grandson of Louis I	• King of West Francia • King of East Francia • King of Italy

شارلمان 768 - 814.م
لويس الأول الورع 814 - 840.م
لوثير الأول 840 - 855.م
شارل الأول الأصلع 855 - 877.م
لويس الثاني 877 - 879.م
لويس الثالث 879 - 882.م
كارلومان الثاني 879 - 884.م
شارل البدين 884 - 888.م

Widonid dynasty

Portrait	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
	Guy I (?–894)	891	12 December 894	Great-great grandson of Charles I	• King of Italy • Duke of Spoleto
	Lambert I (880–898)	30 April 892	15 October 898	Son of Guy I	• King of Italy • Duke of Spoleto

Carolingian dynasty

Portrait	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
	Arnulph (850–899)	22 February 896	8 December 899	Nephew of Charles III	• King of Italy • King of East Francia

Bosonid dynasty

Portrait	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
	Louis III, the Blind (880–928)	22 February 901	21 July 905	Grandson of Louis II	• King of Italy • King of Provence

Unruoching dynasty

Portrait	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
	Berengar I (845–924)	December 915	7 April 924	Grandson of Louis I	• King of Italy • Margrave of Friuli

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

While earlier Germanic and Italian monarchs had been crowned as western Roman Emperors, the actual Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have begun with the crowning of the Saxon king Otto I. It was officially an elective position, though at times it ran in families, notably the four generations of the Salian dynasty in the 11th century. From the end of the Salian dynasty through the middle 15th century, the Emperors drew from many different German dynasties, and it was rare for the throne to pass from father to son. That changed with the ascension of the Austrian House of Habsburg, as an unbroken line of Habsburgs would hold the Imperial throne until the 18th century, later a cadet branch known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine would likewise pass it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in 1806. Notably, the Habsburgs also dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office. Starting with Ferdinand I, all successive Emperors forwent the traditional coronation.

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Ottonian dynasty

Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
Otto I, the Great (912–973)	2 February 962	7 May 973	Great-great-great grandson of Louis I	• King of Italy • King of Germany • Duke of Saxony
Otto II, the Red (955–983)	25 December 967	7 December 983	Son of Otto I	• King of Italy • King of Germany
Otto III (980–1002)	21 May 996	23 January 1002	Son of Otto II	• King of Italy • King of Germany
Henry II^[2] (973–1024)	7 June 1002	14 February 1014	Second cousin of Otto III	• King of Italy • King of Germany • Duke of Bavaria

Salian dynasty

Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
Conrad II, the Elder^[3] (990–1039)	26 March 1027	4 June 1039	Great-great-grandson of Otto I	• King of Burgundy • King of Italy • King of Germany
Henry III, the Black (1017–1056)	25 December 1046	5 October 1056	Son of Conrad II	• King of Burgundy • King of Italy • King of Germany
Henry IV (1050–1116)	31 March 1084	7 August 1106	Son of Henry III	• King of Burgundy • King of Italy • King of Germany
Henry V^[4] (1086–1125)	13 April 1111	23 May 1125	Son of Henry IV	• King of Italy • King of Germany

Supplinburg dynasty

Portrait	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
	Lothair II^[5] (1075–1137)	4 June 1133	4 December 1137	Far descendant of Otto I	• King of Italy • King of Germany

Staufen dynasty

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
		Frederick I, Barbarossa (1122–1190)	8 June 1155	10 June 1190	Great-grandson of Henry IV	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Burgundy
		Henry VI (1165–1197)	14 April 1191	28 September 1197	Son of Frederick I	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Burgundy • Co-King of Sicily

Welf dynasty

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
		Otto IV (1175–1218)	9 June 1198	1215	Great-grandson of Lothair II	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Burgundy

Staufen dynasty

Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
Frederick II (1194–1250)	22 November 1220	13 December 1250	Son of Henry VI	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Sicily • King of Jerusalem
Conrad IV (1228–1254)	13 December 1250	21 May 1254	Son of Frederick II	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Sicily • King of Jerusalem
Conrad V (1252–1268)	21 May 1254	29 October 1268	Son of Conrad IV	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Sicily • King of Jerusalem

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House of Luxembourg

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
		Henry VII (1274-1313)	29 June 1312	24 August 1313	Far descendant of Louis III	• King of Germany • King of Italy • Count of Luxemburg

House of Wittelsbach

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
		Louis IV, the Bavarian (1282–1347)	October 1314	11 October 1347	Far descendant of Lothair II and Henry IV	• King of Germany • King of Italy • Duke of Bavaria

House of Luxembourg

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
		Charles IV (1316–1378)	11 July 1346	29 November 1378	Grandson of Henry VII	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Bohemia • King of Burgundy • Count of Luxemburg
		Sigismund (1368–1437)	10 September 1410	9 December 1437	Son of Charles IV	• King of Germany • King of Italy • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia

House of Habsburg

Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
Frederick III, the Peaceful (1415–1493)	2 February 1440	19 August 1493	Far descendant of Lothair II	• King of Germany • Archduke of Austria
Maximilian I (1459–1519)	19 August 1493	12 January 1519	Son of Frederick III	• King of Germany • Archduke of Austria
Charles V (1500–1558)	28 June 1519	16 January 1556	Grandson of Maximilian I	• King of Germany • King of Italy • Archduke of Austria • King of Spain • Lord of the Netherlands and Duke of Burgundy
Ferdinand I (1503–1564)	16 January 1556	25 July 1564	Grandson of Maximilian I	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Maximilian II (1527–1576)	25 July 1564	12 October 1576	Son of Ferdinand I	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Rudolph II^[6] (1552–1612)	12 October 1576	20 January 1612	Son of Maximilian II	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Matthias (1557–1619)	23 January 1612	20 March 1619	Son of Maximilian II	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Ferdinand II (1578–1637)	20 March 1619	15 February 1637	Grandson of Ferdinand I	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Ferdinand III (1608–1657)	15 February 1637	2 April 1657	Son of Ferdinand II	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Leopold I (1640–1705)	6 March 1657	5 May 1705	Son of Ferdinand III	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Joseph I (1678–1711)	5 May 1705	17 April 1711	Son of Leopold I	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Charles VI (1685–1740)	12 October 1711	20 October 1740	Son of Leopold I	Full list • King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary • King of Croatia • Archduke of Austria • King of Naples • King of Sicily • King of Sardinia • Duke of Luxemburg • Duke of Teschen • Duke of Parma and Piacenza • Count of Flanders

House of Wittelsbach

Portrait	Coat of Arms	Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
		Charles VII (1697–1745)	12 February 1742	20 January 1745	Great-great grandson of Ferdinand II	• King of Bohemia • Elector of Bavaria

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Name	Reign		Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Others Title(s)
Francis I (1708–1765)	13 September 1745	18 August 1765	Great-grandson of Ferdinand III; Son-in-law of Charles VI	• King of Germany • Archduke of Austria • Grand Duke of Tuscany • Duke of Lorraine
Joseph II (1741–1790)	19 August 1765	20 February 1790	Son of Francis I	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia • Archduke of Austria
Leopold II (1747–1792)	21 February 1790	1 March 1792	Son of Francis I	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia • Archduke of Austria • Grand Duke of Tuscany
Francis II (1768–1835)	4 March 1792	6 August 1806	Son of Leopold II	• King of Germany • King of Bohemia • King of Hungary and Croatia • Archduke of Austria

التتويج

كان الامبراطور يُتوَّج في حفل خاص، عادةً يقوم به الپاپا في روما. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor. In 1508, Pope Julius II allowed Maximilian I to use the title of Emperor without coronation in Rome, though the title was qualified as Electus Romanorum Imperator ("elected Emperor of the Romans"). Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.^[7] Maximilian's first successor Charles V was the last to be crowned Emperor.

الامبراطور	تاريخ التتويج	Officiant	المكان
شارل الأول	25 ديسمبر 800	Pope Leo III	روما، إيطاليا
Louis I	5 October 816	Pope Stephen IV	Reims، فرنسا
Lothair I	5 April 823	Pope Paschal I	روما، إيطاليا
Louis II	15 يونيو 844	Pope Leo IV	روما، إيطاليا
Charles II	29 ديسمبر 875	Pope John VIII	روما، إيطاليا
Charles III	12 فبراير 881	Pope John VIII	روما، إيطاليا
Guy III of Spoleto	21 فبراير 891	Pope Stephen V	روما، إيطاليا
Lambert II of Spoleto	30 April 892	Pope Formosus	Ravenna، إيطاليا
Arnulf of Carinthia	22 فبراير 896	Pope Formosus	روما، إيطاليا
Louis III	15 or 22 فبراير 901	Pope Benedict IV	روما، إيطاليا
Berengar	ديسمبر 915	Pope John X	روما، إيطاليا
Otto I	2 فبراير, 962	Pope John XII	روما، إيطاليا
Otto II	25 ديسمبر, 967	Pope John XIII	روما، إيطاليا
Otto III	21 May, 996	Pope Gregory V	Monza، إيطاليا
Henry II	14 فبراير 1014	Pope Benedict VIII	روما، إيطاليا
Conrad II	26 مارس 1027	Pope John XIX	روما، إيطاليا
Henry III	25 ديسمبر 1046	Pope Clement II	روما، إيطاليا
Henry IV	31 مارس 1084	Antipope Clement III	روما، إيطاليا
Henry V	13 April 1111	Pope Paschal II	روما، إيطاليا
Lothair III	4 يونيو 1133	Pope Innocent II	روما، إيطاليا
Frederick I	18 يونيو 1155	Pope Adrian IV	روما، إيطاليا
Henry VI	14 April 1191	Pope Celestine III	روما، إيطاليا
Otto IV	4 October 1209	Pope Innocent III	روما، إيطاليا
Frederick II	22 نوفمبر 1220	Pope Honorius III	روما، إيطاليا
هنري السابع	29 يونيو 1312	Ghibellines cardinals	روما، إيطاليا
Louis IV	17 January 1328	Senator Sciarra Colonna	روما، إيطاليا
Charles IV	5 April 1355	Pope Innocent VI's cardinal	روما، إيطاليا
Sigismund	31 May 1433	Pope Eugenius IV	روما، إيطاليا
Frederick III	19 مارس 1452	Pope Nicholas V	روما، إيطاليا
Charles V	24 فبراير 1530	Pope Clement VII	Bologna، إيطاليا

مواضيع متعلقة

Concordat of Worms
Emperor for other uses of the title "Emperor" in Europe.
First Council of the Lateran
Holy Roman Emperors family tree
Holy Roman Empress
King of the Romans
List of German monarchs
Holy Roman Empire
King of Italy
Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

مراجع

^ Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89
^ Enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.
^ Enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30153-2.
^ Enumerated as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor
^ Enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.
^ ” Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser Imperator Austriae, Fransiscus I (1804), Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804, The HR Emperor, p. 1

الكلمات الدالة:

[1] Egon Boshof: Ludwig der Fromme. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89

[2] Enumerated as successor of Henry I who was German King 919–936 but not Emperor.

[3] Enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor

[4] Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). The Origins of Modern Germany. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30153-2.

[5] Enumerated as successor of Lothair II, who was King of Lotharingia 855–869 but not Emperor

[6] Enumerated as successor of Rudolph I who was German King 1273–1291.

[7] ” Wir Franz der Zweyte, von Gottes Gnaden erwählter römischer Kaiser Imperator Austriae, Fransiscus I (1804), Allerhöchste Pragmatikal-Verordnung vom 11. August 1804, The HR Emperor, p. 1

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v t e الأباطرة الرومان المقدسون
الامبراطورية الكارولنجية	شارلمان • لويس الأول • لوثار الأول • لويس الثاني • شارل الثاني • شارل الثالث • گاي • لامبرت • أرنولف • لويس الثالث • برنگار
الامبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة	اوتو الأول • اوتو الثاني • اوتو الثالث • هنري الثاني • كونراد الثاني • هنري الثالث • هنري الرابع • هنري الخامس • لوثار الثالث • فردريك الأول • هنري السادس • اوتو الرابع • فردريك الثاني • هنري السابع • لويس الرابع • شارل الرابع • سگسموند • فردريك الثالث • ماكسيميليان الأول • شارل الخامس • فرديناند الأول • ماكسيميليان الثاني • رودلف الثاني • ماتياس • فرديناند الثاني • فرديناند الثالث • ليوپولد الأول • يوزف الأول • شارل السادس • شارل السابع • فرانسيس الأول • يوزف الثاني • ليوپولد الثاني • فرانسيس الثاني